private notebook - Recently Updated Pages

crop

rockyen — Sun, 28 Sep 2008 23:31:43 CDT

http://www.sharewareconnection.com/titles/crop-border.htm

Software Listing: Crop Border

	Imaging Express \| License: Shareware \|
	A low cost image viewer and editor specially designed to handle document imaging for Windows XP, with the ability to read and save multi-page scanned documents in TIFF or PDF, supports over 30 other formats. Reading and adding Kodak Imaging compatible annotations. Image editing tools are geared for scanned page image processing, such as mark and crop , auto crop black border or white edge, straighten page (deskew), or remove noise spots (despeckle). Built-in a set of standard annotation tools for writing text, sticky note, highlight region, drawing straight lines and free hand, hollow and solid rectangles, text or image rubber stamps. Publisher: Vixelsoft\| Date: 10-05-2005 \| Size: 4545 KB
	-

	JS PhotoPrep \| License: Shareware \|
	JS PhotoPrep is especially designed for easy handling of digital photos. You can work with single images or auto-crop an entire folder full of images to print-ready sizes in seconds ... or mount your photos on a colored backing, for print ready sizing with no need to crop ... or resize all of your photos for easy emailing and viewing. Included graphic tools: add border, frame, bevel or text. Fix overexposure, poor focus, etc. JS PhotoPrep Features: Crop images to print-ready dimensions. Mount images on print-ready background. Resize images for easier handling. Add decorative frames, bevels, borders and text. Publisher: JSWare\| Date: 06-11-2006 \| Size: 492 KB
	-

	AnyToJpeg \| License: Shareware \|
	There are a lot of graphic editors. They are created for viewing and editing one image. What if you need to convert files of one format and work them up according to one scheme? What if you have dozens of files to be worked up? You will need months and months if you do it by means of usual graphic editor. To make the process quick and fully automatic we suggest you using an optimized program for graphic work up of file groups. Converter "AnyToJpeg" allows you to convert any image to jpeg-format and edit it by means of such function as rotating, stretch, crop, border, etc. It is easy to use and does not require any special skills. Publisher: PhotoActions\| Date: 18-12-2006 \| Size: 15386 KB
	-

	ClearImage Repair \| License: Shareware \|
	Easily develop production applications, in VB, C++ or Delphi, to automatically improve the appearance of scanned, faxed or captured images. Read images in TIFF, JPG, Grayscale and Color. Use the high level power of ClearImage Repair to standardize the appearance and size of the images and to remove annoying artifacts. Archive high quality images that support further data capture via OCR, or Key From Image. Setup the batch process and let the software determine what needs to be done and to what degree. ClearImage Repair is a comprehensive software tool for windows, used by professional imaging application vendors, that executes the following operations in an automatic manner, without operator intervention: Automatic Deskew - detect the skew angle (+/- 45 deg) of the image contents and rotate the image. Publisher: Inlite Research\| Date: 01-02-2008 \| Size: 6471 KB
	-

	Photo Framer \| License: Shareware \|
	Photo Framer is a photo embellishment tool that allows you to add stunning photo frames and various border effects to digital images.Through its innovative graphical user interface, you can choose from a variety of frames and add them to your images, save your framed images in popular formats for use on your projects and print your framed images. Photo Framer supports cropping, resizing and rotating photos. You may also use special effects. The distribution kit includes more than 100 frames. After registration you can download 200 new frames. Photo Framer - Features: 1. Publisher: AMS Software\| Date: 27-06-2008 \| Size: 3852 KB
	-

	Crop Designs \| License: Shareware \|
	Crop Designs is an action-puzzle game in which the rebel chicken Lucky Chucky is chased by aliens and farmers while trying to gather feed pellets from crop fields. Lucky must throw exploding gren-eggs and create confusing maze designs in the crops to stay alive. He can also trick the aliens into abducting farmers so that he can collect his pellets in peace. Each field of this exciting game is unique, varying from open ranges to congested gardens filled with an assortment of objects. Stone fences and one-way gates sometime divide the fields and Lucky Chucky can find himself trapped if he is not careful. Publisher: James Gugenheim\| Date: 01-08-2004 \| Size: 4400 KB
	-

	Multiple Image Resizer .NET \| License: Freeware \|
	Multiple Image Resizer .NET allows you to process individual images or folders of images. You can resize, add borders, crop, overlay text, overlay images and/or rotate and flip images. MIR .NET handles a variety of input and output image formats. Now includes batch image processing via command line using scripting language. Builtin Update Checking feature.. Publisher: Acumen Business Systems Ltd\| Date: 12-01-2007 \| Size: 8960 KB
	-

	ASPThumb \| License: Shareware \|
	ASPThumb is an ASP component (ActiveX) that allows ASP application to create high-quality thumbnails. You can use this component for automated creation of image previews in your ASP applications. The component can scale down and crop images, draw image border, etc. The resulting thumbnail can be saved to file or binary variable as JPEG image. The component can load the BMP and JPEG images from files or binary variables. Key Features: high-quality image resizing (Lanczos3 and Bilinear algorithms are implemented) image cropping (to change aspect ratio) drawing image border with custom color and width conversion of output image to JPEG setting JPEG compression options saving the output image to a file or binary variable sending the output image directly to client browser loading input image from file or binary variable ability to load the JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP and uncompressed TIFF images. Publisher: BRIZ Software\| Date: 17-08-2006 \| Size: 292 KB
	-

	Able Batch Converter \| License: Shareware \|
	Able Batch Converter does exactly what its title suggests, allowing you to easily convert multiple graphic files at the click of a button. More than that, you can also edit images directly in Able Batch Converter, to produce a variety of effects (rotate, flip, resize, mirror, auto crop, filters, noise remove, deskewing, watermarks, margins, color enhancements etc). Able Batch Converter can take any number of images in any format (over 90 file formats supported) and convert them within seconds to any of the twenty most popular formats. Image files you can convert from and can convert to JPEG Bitmap (jpg, jpeg, jpe, jif) PaintBrush (pcx) Windows Bitmap (bmp, dib, rle) TIFF Bitmap (tif, tiff, fax, g3n, g3f, xif) CompuServe Bitmap (gif) Windows Icon (ico) Windows Cursor (cur) Portable Network Graphics (png) Windows Metafile (wmf) Enhanced Windows Metafile (emf) Targa Bitmap (tga, targa, vda, icb, vst, pix) Portable Pixmap, GrayMap, BitMap (pxm, ppm, pgm, pbm) Wireless Bitmap (wbmp) JPEG2000 (jp2) JPEG2000 Code Stream (j2k, jpc, j2c) Multipage PCX (dcx) Camera RAW (crw, cr2, nef, raw, pef, raf, x3f, bay, orf, srf, mrw, dcr) Photoshop PSD (psd) Adobe PDF format (PDF) PostScript (PS, EPS) AdobeIllustrator (AI) Kodak PCD (. Publisher: GraphicRegion.com\| Date:* 05-07-2008 \| Size: 4095 KB
	-

	VidCrop PRO \| License: Shareware \|
	VidCrop PRO is a complete video cropper for various digital video formats. User can remove useless frames and also parts of the frames by cropping it, which gives a zoomed in, cramped image with much important video information. By using VidCrop PRO you can simply edit your video files by zooming it as far as your resolution will let you and use edited and more informative video file for yourself on your website, blog or just play it on your computer. VidCrop PRO is very handy because it has a video preview for rangebar and a frame preview for cropping. Rangebar will let you to choose the video from the first frame to the final. Publisher: GeoVid\| Date: 11-09-2008 \| Size: 16865 KB
	-

	Batch Convert Images with 123FileConvert \| License: Shareware \|
	1-2-3 File Convert: Image Conversion Software. With 1-2-3 File Convert you can convert and edit images to various image formats. Also, edit and resize images using special effects. You can batch convert images, and also, the image editing function of this file converter provides versatile image editing features like rotate, crop, flip and resize tools. The Image Conversion is an efficient way to export graphic files to 30 file formats. Highlights of Image Conversion: - Batch Convert images in many supported graphic formats. - All popular graphic formats like JPEG, GIF, PNG, AVS, TIFF, and BMP are supported. Publisher: Image Conversion Software\| Date: 28-09-2006 \| Size: 14438 KB
	-

	ImgResizer Pro \| License: Shareware \|
	ImgResizer Pro provide the function for user to resize, rotate, flip, add photo border and special effect to the photo, picture for email, create thumbnail or publish to the web in batch mode. Apart from batch converting, user may also do the editing in a single file mode that may preview the final look immediately. It also supports multi-language. The user doesn't need to open the photo editor to convert the picture. It allows user to resize the pictures as many as they want at the same time. Also, user may specify the pixel, quality of picture, rotate and flip the photo. User may also add a photo border to the photo makes it more funny. Publisher: SunDevils Soft\| Date: 23-03-2006 \| Size: 882 KB
	-

	BordersHelper \| License: Demo \|
	Black border removal is a feature of document management software that automatically removes the black edges of a document that has been digitally scanned. Black border edges can cause problems with optical character recognition (OCR) software. The document structure analysis and character recognition are usually done in several phases: scanning thresholding skew detection and correction despeckle or speckle removal line removal border removal detection of preprinted elements (like boxes, rakes or combs) page orientation detection and correction layout analysis classification character recognition Each step must be completed well enough for the performance of the sequence and result to be successful. Publisher: Personal PC Helpers\| Date: 12-02-2006 \| Size: 775 KB
	-

	ReaGIF - Image converter to GIF \| License: Shareware \|
	ReaGIF is our popular image converter, allowing you to both convert and edit images from most commonly used graphic formats to GIF. You can convert you images to GIF either one by one or all at once as a batch job. Built-in image editor provides several popular image manipulation functions, including resize, crop, rotate, mirror, brightness, contrast, border, watermark, red eye correction and a dozen of various artistic effects. Batch job automation features include Windows Explorer right-click menu integration and command-line usage capabilities.. Publisher: ReaSoft Development Image converter\| Date: 10-10-2005 \| Size: 2367 KB
	-

	Easy Photo Frame \| License: Shareware \|
	Easy Photo Frame is a tool that adds frames to photos which provides more than 300 beautiful frames and mask effects that can be applied to photos. Easy Photo Frame enables you to remove red-eye, resize, crop, adjust color or rotate your photos over any angle. Another feature is the ability to add rotating, flipping, gray, wave, shadow, blur, lens, round corner, tile, mosaic, twist,edge detect effects to enhance your photos. Easy Photo Frame also contains scanning and printing capabilities. Main Features: * Easy Photo Frame is a tool used to add frames to photos. * Add frames, edges and border effects to photos. Publisher: EpcSoft\| Date: 14-10-2005 \| Size: 4360 KB
	-

	Auction Picture FX \| License: Shareware \|
	With Auction Picture FX, you can now create pictures with a highlighted border so that it will appear more prominently without having to pay any extra fees. You can also insert a copyright notice or any text label right into your pictures so that other people cannot steal your pictures to use in their own auction listings.. Publisher: Direct Logic Systems\| Date: 08-09-2005 \| Size: 2276 KB
	-

	Tab-It \| License: Demo \|
	Tab-It v1.0 is an easy-to-use and completely customizable animated tabbed menu that includes custom cursor support, tab highlighting and 9 different border styles. Tab-It v1.0 provides a convenient way for visitors to navigate your site. Features and benefits: * Provides easy site navigation for your visitors. * 9 different border styles. * Custom cursor support. * Expandable - easily add or remove additional tabs. * Tab titles are edited in the code - no images to edit!. * Professional design. * Simply copy and paste. Publisher: Spriteworks Developments\| Date: 08-02-2006 \| Size: 56 KB
	-

	AutoImager \| License: Shareware \|
	Full-featured batch image processing and conversion software. Over 140 image formats are supported, and the software provides an entire arsenal of image enhancement, editing, and processing operations. Multi-page image conversion and processing is fully supported. Formats include AFP, ANI, AWD, BMP, CAL, CGM, CLP, CMP, CMX, CUR, CUT, DGN, DIB, DRW, DWF, DWG, DXF, DWG, EMF, EPS, EXIF, FAX, FPX, GBR, GEM, GIF, ICA, ICO, IFF, IMG, IOCA, ITG, J2K, JBIG, JIF, JPEG, JTF, LBM, MAC, MDA, MODCA, MSP, PBM, PCD, PCL, PCT, PCX, PDF, PGM, PLT, PNG, PNM, PPM, PS, PSP, PSD, PTK, PTOCA, RAS, SCT, SGI, SHP, SMP, SUN, SVG, TIFF, TGA, XBM, XPM, XWD, WBMP, WFX, WMF, WPG, etc. Publisher: Mystik Media\| Date: 23-02-2006 \| Size: 18350 KB
	-

	DVDConvert-Std \| License: Shareware \|
	DVDConvert Std is a powerful DVD ripping and backup tool, which can help you easily and quickly rip DVD to RM/RMVB/WMV/RA/WMA files with the perfect output quality. It has many additional and exciting features such as DVD Crop, DVD Letterbox, Text watermark, Image watermark, Snap DVD, Split DVD, Batch tasks, etc.. Publisher: DS-Soft\| Date: 05-09-2006 \| Size: 19728 KB
	-

	WallpaperMobile \| License: Shareware \|
	It is no problem to manually crop an image for your mobile phone display in case you have a couple of images. But what are you going to do if you have hundreds, thousand or even millions of images? And you value your time as well. Then let WallpaperMobile do the job. WallpaperMobile will quickly crop all your images to the necessary size. Features: • Supporting all Windows versions: Vista, XP, 2003, 2000, Me, 98, 95, and NT (no service packs are required). • Supporting the JPEG and BMP formats. • Adding a logo. • Standard Windows 2000/XP interface. Publisher: NCE Software\| Date: 16-05-2008 \| Size: 2355 KB
	-

	SD-Tabs \| License: Demo \|
	SD-Tabs v1.0 is an easy-to-use and completely customizable animated tabbed menu that includes custom cursor support, tab highlighting and 9 different border styles. SD-Tabs v1.0 provides a convenient way for visitors to navigate your site. Features and benefits: * Provides easy site navigation for your visitors. * 9 different border styles. * Custom cursor support. * Expandable - easily add or remove additional tabs. * Tab titles are edited in the code - no images to edit!. * Professional design. * Simply copy and paste. Publisher: Spriteworks Developments\| Date: 08-02-2006 \| Size: 66 KB
	-

	ReaTIFF - Image converter to TIFF \| License: Shareware \|
	ReaTIFF is our popular image converter, allowing you to both convert and edit images from most commonly used graphic formats to TIFF. You can convert you images to TIFF either one by one or all at once as a batch job. Built-in image editor provides several popular image manipulation functions, including resize, crop, rotate, mirror, brightness, contrast, border, watermark, red eye correction and a dozen of various artistic effects. Batch job automation features include Windows Explorer right-click menu integration and command-line usage capabilities.. Publisher: ReaSoft Development Image converter\| Date: 10-10-2005 \| Size: 2486 KB
	-

	ReaJPEG - Image converter to JPEG \| License: Shareware \|
	ReaJPEG is our popular image converter, allowing you to both convert and edit images from most commonly used graphic formats to JPEG. You can convert you images to JPEG either one by one or all at once as a batch job. Built-in image editor provides several popular image manipulation functions, including resize, crop, rotate, mirror, brightness, contrast, border, watermark, red eye correction and a dozen of various artistic effects. Batch job automation features include Windows Explorer right-click menu integration and command-line usage capabilities.. Publisher: ReaSoft Development Image converter\| Date: 10-10-2005 \| Size: 2511 KB
	-

	Snaggle \| License: Shareware \|
	Snaggle is an easy to use screen capture program that greatly enhances the functionality of the Print Screen key in Microsoft Windows. The standard functionality of the Print Screen key allows you to copy your entire desktop or the currently active window to the system clipboard. Snaggle does this too, but it also does much, much more. With Snaggle, pressing the Print Screen key or initiating a screen capture from the system tray presents you with a whole set of options that were not previously available. You still have the option of capturing the desktop, but you can also select from any window on your desktop. Publisher: awesoftware.com\| Date: 30-01-2004 \| Size: 1017 KB
	-

	VidCrop \| License: Shareware \|
	VidCrop is a complete video cropper for various digital video formats. User can remove useless frames and also parts of the frames by cropping it, which gives a zoomed in, cramped image with much important video information. By using VidCrop you can simply edit your video files by zooming it as far as your resolution will let you and use edited and more informative video file for yourself on your website, blog or just play it on your computer. VidCrop is very handy because it has a video preview for rangebar and a frame preview for cropping. Rangebar will let you to choose the video from the first frame to the final. Publisher: GeoVid\| Date: 03-09-2008 \| Size: 12820 KB
	-

	SD-Flyout \| License: Demo \|
	SD-Flyout v1.0 is an easy-to-use and completely customizable preview-type ("fly-out") menu system that includes custom cursor support, a variety of border styles and embedded images within menu titles. SD-Flyout v1.0 provides a unique way for visitors to navigate your site. Features and benefits: * Provides a unique way for visitors to navigate your site. * Over 70 extra menu-title images included. * 9 different border styles to choose from. * Menu titles are edited in the code - no images to edit!. * Custom cursor support. * Professional design. Publisher: Spriteworks Developments\| Date: 08-02-2006 \| Size: 61 KB
	-

	Sidebar-Buddy \| License: Demo \|
	Sidebar-Buddy v1.0 is an easy-to-use and completely customizable sidebar menu system that includes custom cursor support, a variety of border styles and embedded images within menu titles. Sidebar-Buddy v1.0 provides a unique way for visitors to navigate your site. Features and benefits: * Provides a unique way for visitors to navigate your site. * Over 70 extra menu-title images included. * 9 different border styles to choose from. * Menu titles are edited in the code - no images to edit!. * Custom cursor support. * Professional design. Publisher: Spriteworks Developments\| Date: 08-02-2006 \| Size: 84 KB
	-

	Zoom-It (Horizontal Version) \| License: Demo \|
	Zoom-It v1.0 is an easy-to-use and completely customizable horizontal navigation menu with custom cursor support, a "zoom-out" feature, 5 generic shaders, over 70 different mini-images and 9 different border styles. It is easy to configure and use and provides a convenient way for visitors to navigate your site. Features and benefits: * Provides easy site navigation for your visitors. * 9 different border styles to choose from. * Over 70 different mini-images. * 5 generic shaders. * Custom cursor support. * Expandable - easily add or remove additional menu links. Publisher: Spriteworks Developments\| Date: 08-02-2006 \| Size: 71 KB
	-

	Zoom-It (Vertical Version) \| License: Demo \|
	Zoom-It v1.0 is an easy-to-use and completely customizable vertical navigation menu with custom cursor support, a "zoom-out" feature, 5 generic shaders, over 70 different mini-images and 9 different border styles. It is easy to configure and use and provides a convenient way for visitors to navigate your site. Features and benefits: * Provides easy site navigation for your visitors. * 9 different border styles to choose from. * Over 70 different mini-images. * 5 generic shaders. * Custom cursor support. * Expandable - easily add or remove additional menu links. Publisher: Spriteworks Developments\| Date: 08-02-2006 \| Size: 75 KB
	-

	Font-Effects \| License: Demo \|
	Text creation tool that produces graphics for use in presentations and on the Web. You can deform the text and use textures. Use shadow and edge effects to make the text look fantastic! You can also add a border and a background texture. The result can be printed or saved.. Publisher: CAD-KAS GbR\| Date: 13-03-2001 \| Size: 775 KB
	-

Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |

http://crop-border.vista-files.org/

Software Archive

Search:

Home Submit Telephony Download Firewall Software

var template = "728x90"; var adblockBorderStyle = "border:#FFFFFF 1px solid"; var adblockTitleColor = "#FF0000"; var adblockBackgroundColor = "#FFFFFF"; var adblockTextColor = "#000000"; var adblockURLColor = "#0000CC"; var userKeyword = ""; var aid = "12028"; var said = "";

Imaging Express 1.4

A low cost image viewer and editor specially designed to handle document imaging for Windows XP, with the ability to read and save multi-page scanned documents in TIFF or PDF, supports over 30 other formats. Reading and adding Kodak Imaging compatible annotations. Image edit tools geared for scanned page image processing, such as mark and crop, auto crop black border or white edge, straighten page (deskew), remove noise spots (despeckle).

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2005-05-22
Size: 4 Mb
Cost: 39.00 $

» Read more »

Image Transformer 1.2

This image processor allows you to resize and crop images, add borders, flip and rotate image, add file names and text, add date and time stamps from jpg meta-data, add noise, blur, sharpen, adjust brightness, contrast, color, hue and saturation, and convert images to black-and-white. It also supports batch processing.

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2004-03-15
Size: 323 Kb
Cost: 19.95 $

» Read more »

ClearImage Repair 5.5

Professional ActiveX tools for VB C++ Delphi applications automatically deskew, rotate, crop, register, smooth lines and characters, remove noise, blobs, fax headers and borders from scanned, faxed images. Reduce file output size and improve the appearance and readability of the images for subsequent archiving or OCR data capture. The software features outstanding ease of use and intuitive controls. FREE SDK includes FREE professional services

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2008-02-01
Size: 6 Mb
Cost: 375.00 $

» Read more »

The Crop Log 3.0

The Crop Log is designed for use by the farmer who wants to maintain detailed expense records and a complete history of expenses, weather, seeding/planting, fertilize and chemical applications. Information compiled by The Crop Log provides eleven informative reports enabling the farmer to keep up-to-date on expenses, weather conditions and crop activity from planting right up to harvest.

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2007-09-23
Size: 41 Mb
Cost: 34.95 $

» Read more »

Frame Maker Pro 2.41

Frame Maker Pro is an imaging and desktop enhancement program that adds impressive frames to digital photos in order to enhance your personal albums, projects, websites or desktop wallpapers with remarkable ease. Through its innovative graphical user interface, you can choose from a variety of frames and add them to your images; full screen preview the result; save your framed images in popular formats for use on your projects...

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2007-12-10
Size: 2 Mb
Cost: 29.00 $

» Read more »

Photo Framer 2.10

Photo Framer is an imaging and desktop enhancement program that adds impressive frames to digital photos in order to enhance your personal albums, projects, websites or desktop wallpapers with remarkable ease. Through its innovative graphical user interface, you can choose from a variety of frames and add them to your images, save your framed images in popular formats for use on your projects and print your framed images.

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2007-11-03
Size: 3 Mb
Cost: 29.00 $

» Read more »

Custom Button Control 1.0

The 'Custom Button Control' is a full featured 'Lightweight' (windowless), substitute to the somewhat limited 'CommandButton'. This control has features including; · All the standard interfaces you would expect in a button, · Image support with nine different alignment choices, · Extremely customizable colour options, · Six different border styles, · Optional text shadow, · Plus much much more...

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2003-02-08
Size: 441 Kb
Cost: Free

» Read more »

PrintControls 1.1.0.1

The PrintControls Label and Barcode printing library provides a set of .NET Windows Forms controls that are specifically designed to produce scalable graphical output suitable for sending to the printer. This means you can design your application using our PrintControls, then when you want to print part of your form you simply call Print on the outermost container control.

License: Commercial
Language: English
Release: 2006-02-27
Size: 1 Mb
Cost: 299.99 $

» Read more »

Font-Effects 2.0

Text creation tool that produces graphics for use in presentations and on the Web. You can deform the text and use textures. Use shadow and edge effects to make the text look fantastic! You can also add a border and a background texture. The result can be printed or saved.

License: Demo
Language: English
Release: 2001-03-13
Size: 775 Kb
Cost: 11.99 $

» Read more »

PixTwix 6.03

Image processing library (ocx) featuring over 150 methods for image manipulation and enhancement, special effects, encryption, convolution and special filters, layer blending, advanced selection routines, perspective and orientation adjustment, color replacement, antialiasing, tinting, colorizing, masking, contrast and saturation gradients, and many more. PixTwix can read and write many popular image formats and includes full clipboard support.

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2006-03-21
Size: 1 Mb
Cost: 75.00 $

» Read more »

RenderGold 2.5

Do you want to see a lot of gold on your desktop every day? RenderGold allows to create very beautiful ornamental designs that look like gold jewelry. You can create 3D wallpaper and seamless backgrounds, 3D knots and rosettes, 3D buttons, bullets, decorative borders and other web graphics in unique jewelry style. To learn more see on-line Gallery: http://www.rendergold.com/3d-gallery.htm

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2004-12-10
Size: 660 Kb
Cost: 45.00 $

» Read more »

Outer Lines 1.14

Earn scores by removing objects by surrounding them with randomly appearing borderpieces, using as many pieces as possible. When every object on a level is removed you proceed to the next one, where the number of objects you have to remove is increased by one. Five different themes; Marble, Pool, Space, Mouseball and Trafficjam.

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2001-08-01
Size: 2 Kb
Cost: 10.00 $

» Read more »

SpeeDoCrop 1.0

SpeeDoCrop is the easiest and fastest image cropping tool which will help you crop your images in seconds. It supports rectangular cropping with 7 different formats supported including Jpeg, Bmp, Gif, Tiff, Png, Emf, and wmf. The output can be stored in any of the mentioned format. Its the only one click cropping software where you can crop and save your pic in a single click. Dont believe it... Try it. Its completely free.

License: Freeware
Language: English
Release: 2007-03-03
Size: 434 Kb
Cost: Free

» Read more »

ZScreen 1.3.3.0

ZScreen is an open-source screen capture program that allows for region/window/full-screen screenshots. It can FTP screenshots and put the URL in your clipboard in a single keystroke. It supports automatic custom naming conventions with variables. It can also interface with image editing software.

License: Freeware
Language: English
Release: 2008-06-13
Size: 846 Kb
Cost: Free

» Read more »

FrameSize 2.0

Digital photo frame file resizing application. Format and optimize your digital photos for your digital photo frame. Avoid black bars, poorly cropped images and fit many more photos into the frame's memory. Preserve and stamp EXIF data onto output. Zoom in on areas of your digital photos for frame display without compromising quality. Maintain settings for multiple photo frames on the same computer. Adjust the output quality to store more photos.

License: Freeware
Language: English
Release: 2008-01-31
Size: 339 Kb
Cost: Free

» Read more »

VuPic 3.2

VuPic is a full featured viewer (thumbnails or normal) for JPG/BMP/TIF files. You may view, zoom, resize, rotate, crop, correct, and convert the files. The files may be printed (1-9 per page) with control over page layout. VuPic can create a Picture File which is a simple viewer containing 100 resized image files. It can also create a Thumbnail Album File which is a full featured viewer containing thumbnails for a folder of image files (3000).

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2003-07-24
Size: 0 B
Cost: 15.00 $

» Read more »

PrintIt 2.2

PrintIt will print up to 300 JPG, BMP, and TIF files at a time (1-25 pictures per page) with a print preview of the printed page(s). Pictures may be arranged on the page by mouse drag and drop. Borders for the printed page may be adjusted in print preview. Text (file name and/or user comment) may be added to each picture. A picture may be duplicated on a page or cropped to fit the page size.

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2003-02-13
Size: 0 B
Cost: 12.00 $

» Read more »

PhotoLook 1.01

PhotoLook is a new handy utility for managing digital photoes. It helps to store, watch, arrange and sort them. Viewing thumbnails, slide show or full sized are available. Using PhotoAlbum you can also range your photoes according to their quality or some other criterion. Simple interface requires no special knowledge. A must have for every digital camera owner.

License: Shareware
Language: English
Release: 2003-11-01
Size: 1 Mb
Cost: 17.90 $

» Read more »

GoodFramePlus 1.0

You can already find many softwares to add frames to your pictures, so why a new one? GoodFramePlus is diferent because the ratio will be kept with the frame and its not the case with most of the existing softwares. But this software is able to do many others tasks like adding watermarks, signatures and logos to your photos.

License: Shareware
Language: English, French
Release: 2008-04-14
Size: 559 Kb
Cost: 7.50 $

» Read more »

WatchetShot! 1.1

Screenshot your desktop and crop to size - ideal for bug tracking, documentation, help and web site construction. Illustrate what's going on on your desktop - to report a fault or explain to someone else. WatchetShot! is fast and easy to use. Save the results in economical jpeg format. Capture error messages or program screens. Allows you to open existing jpeg images for cropping too.

License: Freeware
Language: English
Release: 2003-06-20
Size: 2 Mb
Cost: Free

http://www.freesoft411.com/freeware/crop-border.html
Crop Border Software
Show: All | Freeware

Results 1-4 of 4

Page 1

InstaCropper	Cropped Out	Crop Circles	FadeToBlack

Free - UtahSoft

Crop unneeded white parts of scanned images...
Read More...

cropped, images, crop, file, image, instacropper, utahsoft, processing

Free - Clickgamer Technologies

Make a horizontal or vertical row of three or more matching crop symbols and o..
Read More...

effects, dynamic, graphics, fluid, game, clickgamer technologies, particle, sound, cropped out

Free - Tartan Themes.com

View slideshow of 30 pictures of crop circles from the UK.
Read More...

Free - Thoughtman Software

Join, split, crop, or modify your AVI files...
Read More...

done, clicks, files, easily, rotate, thoughtman software, quickly, fadetoblack

http://studio.imagemagick.org/pipermail/magick-users/2002-April/002030.html

At 02:01 PM 4/9/02 -0400, Glenn Randers-Pehrson wrote:
>At 02:08 PM 4/9/02 +0200, Mattner Richard (mr) wrote:
>
>>Is it possible to crop a border (color) at a specified picture-side
>>automatically ? I need to mirror (technical) pictures at a specified x- or
>>y-position = crop the pictures to the "axis", mirror it and combine the two
>>parts. Until now the cropping has to be done manually. .. :-(
>

Rereading your question, maybe you weren't talking about what we
call "autocrop". If you were simply asking how to remove N columns
from the left side, it's just

convert input.png -chop Nx0 result.png
or from the top
convert input.png -chop 0xN result.png
or from the right
convert input.png -gravity east Nx0 result.png
or from the bottom
exercise for the reader

The solution below is for when you don't know the value of N, and want
to trim off all columns on the right side that are entirely of the same
color.

>Try this:
>
>convert input.png -bordercolor white -border 1x0
> -bordercolor black -border 1x0
> -chop 2x0 -crop 0x0
> -gravity east -chop 1x0 result.png
>
>This adds one column of white pixels left and right, then
>one column of black pixels left and right, then removes the
>two new columns from the left. This arrangement prevents
>the autocrop step from removing anything from top or bottom,
>and it only removes the black pixels from the right side.
>The final chop removes the extra column of white pixels from
>the right side.
>
>Use version 5.4.3 or later because the gravity/chop didn't
>work earlier.

Hy

I tile a image:
convert -crop 100x100 -fill blue -quality 30 image.jpg test%02d.jpg

Unfotunately, the rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller
if the specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input image.

I need the rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles in the same size. (100x100)
The area beyond the dimensions of the input image I would like to fill
with the color blue.

How is it possible?

Top

Bonzo

Post subject: Re: -crop (Border-Tiles, which are not smaller)

Posted: Thu Jul 03, 2008 7:40 am

Joined: Sat May 20, 2006 8:08 am
Posts: 688
Location: Cambridge, England

What about compositing your image onto a blue image of the correct size first and then doing your crop ?
So if your image is 980 x 860 make a blue image 1000 x 900 composite your image onto it and then run your crop on the new image.

Untested but something like:

Code:

convert 1000x900 xc:blue image.jpg -gravity northwest -composite temp.png
convert temp.png -crop 100x100 -quality 30 test%02d.jpg

_________________
ImageMagick examples mostly using php http://www.rubblewebs.co.uk/imagemagick/

Top

forumim

Post subject: Re: -crop (Border-Tiles, which are not smaller)

Posted: Thu Jul 03, 2008 8:10 am

Joined: Thu Jul 03, 2008 5:46 am
Posts: 11

A great simple idea! Thanks!

Code:

convert -size 1000x900 xc:blue image.jpg -gravity northwest -composite temp.png

I added -size, it works fine!

Top

anthony

Post subject: Re: -crop (Border-Tiles, which are not smaller)

Posted: Thu Jul 03, 2008 8:38 pm

Joined: Mon May 31, 2004 7:27 pm
Posts: 2621
Location: Brisbane, Australia

The faster way is to get IM to just add the pixels using -background blue -extent 1000x900

See IM examples, Cutting and Bordering for all the details of this type of thing. Also see thumbnails, Padding Images, for other mtheods for 'centered' padding.

_________________
Anthony Thyssen -- Webmaster for ImageMagick Example Pages
http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/

http://www.online-help-icp.com/reference/script/operation/crop_image.htmCrop Image This operation crops image borders and leaves the selected part of the image. Image size is reduced without changing image resolution, so that images are not distorted. This operation has four modes. Use Crop Image dropdown list to switch between these modes.
Margins – select this mode to crop the number of pixels specified in left, top, right and bottom boxes from the corresponding sides of the image.
Rectangle (2 points) – if you choose this mode, you should specify a rectangle and the program will crop parts of the image not included into this rectangle. The rectangle is specified with upper left (left and top boxes) and lower right (right and bottom boxes) corner coordinates.
Rectangle (point, width and height) – in this mode, the program will also crop parts of the image not included into a specified rectangle. The rectangle is specified with upper left corner (left and top boxes), width (width box) and height (height box).
Margins autocrop – this mode is used to crop one-color margins from images of various size. Crop area is defined automatically for each image according to the specified color. This mode allows cropping one-color borders round photos leaving only meaningful parts of images. To adjust settings of margins autocrop mode you should specify color of cropped borders with the help of Auto crop border color dropdown list, and set tolerance slider to specify the admissible error percentage. To make sure that cropping is performed correctly, be very careful when specifying border color.

Example of usage

Say, we have a set of images that vary in size and have a border to be removed. Use Crop Image operation to process all such images at once.

No Comments

http://www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=406345Cream of the Crop: cropping and resizing

By Scott Kelby
Jul 25, 2005
Sample Chapter is provided courtesy of Peachpit Press

Article Contents

Page 1 of 12Next >

Print
addthis_pub = 'peachpit'; addthis_logo = 'http://www.peachpit.com/display/PeachpitPress/images/header/peachpit_print.png'; addthis_logo_background = 'FFFFFF'; addthis_logo_color = 'FFFFFF'; addthis_brand = 'Peachpit'; addthis_options = 'email, delicious, digg, facebook, google, newsvine, reddit, slashdot, stumbleupon, technorati, twitter, more'; Share This
Discuss

Scott Kelby

Learn more…

Unlocking Your Mac's Dashboard: How to Make Your Mac Bring You the Info You NeedJun 6, 2008Adding Text to Your Print Layouts in LightroomMay 30, 2008Final Print Settings and Color Management in Photoshop LightroomMay 30, 2008Printing Made Really, Really Easy in LightroomMay 23, 2008Removing Red Eye in LightroomMay 16, 2008Cropping and Straightening in LightroomMay 2, 2008Jumping Between Lightroom and PhotoshopApr 28, 2008Seeing Before/After Versions in LightroomApr 24, 2008Color Me Badd: Color Correction for PhotographersApr 23, 2008Finding the Photos You Want in Lightroom, Fast!Apr 16, 2008Stay Organized by Stacking Similar Photos in LightroomMar 31, 2008Finding and Marking Photo Rejects in LightroomMar 7, 2008Peachpit Exclusive: Interview with Legendary Computer and Photography Book Author Scott KelbyFeb 19, 2008Shooting Landscapes Like a Pro: More Tips for Creating Stunning Scenic ImagesFeb 8, 2008It's Tricky: Scott Kelby's Coolest iPod Tips & TricksFeb 1, 2008Adding Photoshop Automation to Your Lightroom WorkflowNov 30, 2007Basic Camera Calibration in Photoshop LightroomNov 30, 2007Make Your Own Custom Loupe View in Lightroom’s Library or Develop ModuleNov 30, 2007Print Multiple Photos on One Page Using Adobe Photoshop LIghtroomNov 30, 2007How Scott Kelby Saved a Sorry Looking Landscape Shot Using His 7-Point SystemNov 16, 2007Scott Kelby’s Tips for Shooting PanoramasOct 19, 2007How to Undo Any Change at Any Time in Photoshop LightroomOct 12, 2007How to View YouTube Videos From Your iPhoneSep 28, 2007Surfin' Safari: Using the iPhone's Safari Web BrowserSep 14, 2007Editing Essentials: How to Develop Your Photos in LightroomSep 7, 2007Resized: Resizing and Cropping Your Images in Photoshop CS3Sep 7, 2007Shoot Weddings Like a Pro: There Is No Retaking Wedding Photos. It’s Got to Be Right the First Time!Jan 12, 2007Pod’s Theme: iPod EssentialsDec 8, 2006Killer Tips for Working With Color in InDesign CS/CS2Sep 22, 2006A Cause for Integration: How to Play Music on Your Mac (and Your iPod)Sep 8, 2006Cream of the Crop: Cropping and Resizing in Adobe Photoshop CSJul 14, 2006For Those About to Dock!: Mac OS X Docking Miracles Made EasyJul 7, 2006Jealous Type: Cool Type Effects in Adobe Photoshop CSJun 23, 2006Organizing Your Photos with the Library Module in Adobe LightroomMay 26, 2006Library Organizing Your PhotosMay 8, 2006Super Size Me: Resize and Crop Your Pix in Photoshop Elements 4Feb 17, 2006Super Size Me: resizing and croppingJan 16, 2006Life in the Fast Lane: Killer Photoshop CS2 Production TipsDec 1, 2005Life in the Fast Lane: production tipsOct 10, 2005Cream of the Crop: cropping and resizingOct 3, 2005For Those About to Dock!: docking miracles made easyOct 3, 2005Greased Lightnin': Way Cool TipsOct 3, 2005Jealous Type: Cool Type EffectsOct 3, 2005Cream of the Crop: Cropping and Resizing in Photoshop Elements 3Sep 16, 2005Cream of the Crop: cropping and resizingJul 25, 2005Portrait of a Photoshop Artist: Scott KelbyJan 28, 2005Mac OS 9 to Panther in No Time FlatJun 11, 2004A Killer Compilation of Mac OS X, Photoshop, and Windows TipsJan 1, 2004The Big Digital Photo FixxJun 27, 2003Photoshop 7 Special EffectsDec 13, 2002The Secret of MacintoshOct 11, 2002Speedy Gonzalez: Layer TipsJul 26, 2002

This chapter is from the book
Photoshop Elements 3 Book for Digital Photographers, The

View Full Size Image

If a chapter on cropping and resizing doesn't sound exciting, really, what does? It's sad, but a good portion of our lives is spent doing just that—cropping and resizing. Why is that? It's because nothing, and I mean nothing, is ever the right size. Think about it. If everything were already the right size, there'd be no opportunity to “Super Size it.” You'd go to McDonald's, order a Value Meal, and instead of hearing, “Would you care to Super Size your order?” there would just be a long uncomfortable pause. And frankly, I'm uncomfortable enough at the McDonald's drive-thru, what with all the cropping and resizing I'm constantly doing. Anyway, although having a chapter on cropping and resizing isn't the kind of thing that sells books (though I hear books on crop circles do fairly well), both are important and necessary, especially if you ever plan on cropping or resizing things in Elements. Actually, you'll be happy to learn that there's more than just cropping and resizing in this chapter. That's right—I supersized the chapter with other cool techniques that honestly are probably a bit too cool to wind up in a chapter called “Cropping and Resizing,” but it's the only place they'd fit. But don't let the extra techniques throw you; if this chapter seems too long to you, flip to the end of the chapter, rip out a few pages, and you have effectively cropped the chapter down to size. (And by ripping the pages out yourself, you have transformed what was originally a mere book into an “interactive experience,” which thereby enhances the value of the book, making you feel like a pretty darn smart shopper.) See, it almost makes you want to read it now, doesn't it?

Cropping Photos

After you've sorted your images in the Organizer or File Browser, one of the first editing tasks you'll probably undertake is cropping a photo. There are a number of different ways to crop a photo in Elements. We'll start with the basic garden-variety options, and then we'll look at some ways to make the task faster and easier. Step One Open the image you want to crop, and press the letter C to get the Crop tool (you could always select it directly from the Toolbox, but I only recommend doing so if you're charging by the hour).

View Full Size Image

Step Two Click within your photo and drag out a cropping border. The area to be cropped away will appear dimmed (shaded). You don't have to worry about getting your cropping border right when you first drag it out, because you can edit it by dragging the control handles that appear in each corner and at the center of each side.

View Full Size Image

Step Three While you have the crop border in place, you can rotate the entire border. Just move your cursor outside the border, and your cursor changes into a double-headed arrow. Just click-and-drag, and the cropping border will rotate in the direction that you drag. (This is a great way to save time if you have a crooked image, because it lets you crop and rotate at the same time.)

View Full Size Image

Step Four Once you have the cropping border where you want it, you can choose any one of the following to actually crop the image to size: (1) Press the Enter key (2) Click any other tool in the Toolbox (3) Click the Checkmark icon in the top-right side of the Options Bar.

View Full Size Image

TIP:Changing Your Mind If you've dragged out a cropping border and then decide you don't want to crop the image, there are two ways to cancel your crop: (1) Press the Escape key on your keyboard and the crop will be canceled; the photo will remain untouched. (2) Look in the Options Bar, and you'll see the international symbol for “No way.” Click the circle with the diagonal line through it to cancel your crop.

View Full Size Image

Page 1 of 12Next >

addthis_pub = 'peachpit'; addthis_logo = 'http://www.peachpit.com/display/PeachpitPress/images/header/peachpit_print.png'; addthis_logo_background = 'FFFFFF'; addthis_logo_color = 'FFFFFF'; addthis_brand = 'Peachpit'; addthis_options = 'email, delicious, digg, facebook, google, newsvine, reddit, slashdot, stumbleupon, technorati, twitter, more'; Share This
Your Account

Discussions

Adobe Elements 3 or 4??Posted Oct 12, 2007 02:17 AM by JLM08540 RepliesMake a New CommentYou must log in in order to post a comment.

http://toolfarm.com/plugins/index.php/Profound_Effects_Crop
Toolfarm's Plug-in Finder

Profound Effects Crop

From PlugInFinder

Jump to: navigation, search

[edit]

The Stats

Developer: Profound Effects
Platforms: Mac OS X, Windows XP
Host Applications: Adobe After Effects
Number of plug-ins: 1

Profound Effects is no longer in business as of July, 2008.

[edit]

Description

With Crop, you can crop the edges of a video layer to remove unwanted video blanking pixels at the edges of the layer, or use the border color setting to apply a border effect to the layer.

[edit]

Features

Crop each side independently
Specify color and opacity of crop border
It's free

http://www.imagemagick.org/discourse-server/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=12066

I think this might be impossible to do, but I'll ask anyway...

If I have an image (png) with a border/margin around its edges of unknown width and of a specific color, would it be possible to automatically crop the border based on color?

I.E., I have a 300x300px image, with a flower in the center of a white box/background, and then a 100px black margin all around the edges of the white area. I wouldnt know beforehand how wide the black margin is, so I would need to tell imagemagick "trim off all of the black border, leave just the white box/background with flower....

Is there anything like this available through imageMagick???
Please help, thanks...

Top

fmw42

Post subject: Re: crop image borders based on color

Posted: Tue Sep 16, 2008 9:42 am

Joined: Mon Jul 02, 2007 5:14 pm
Posts: 869
Location: Sunnyvale, California, USA

see -trim and -fuzz at http://www.imagemagick.org/script/comma ... ptions.php

convert <image> -trim +repage <result>

convert <image> -fuzz xx% -trim +repage <result>

-fuzz allows the trim to match colors similar to those at the corners

Top

anthony

Post subject: Re: crop image borders based on color

Posted: Wed Sep 17, 2008 12:25 am

Joined: Mon May 31, 2004 7:27 pm
Posts: 2621
Location: Brisbane, Australia

To -trim based on a specific color first add a -border of that color. The -fuzz will then match colors centered on that color.

_________________
Anthony Thyssen -- Webmaster for ImageMagick Example Pages
http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/

http://www.filesland.com/download/auto-crop.html
Download Auto Crop Software

Pixel Grease - Easy Image Editor by MiRaGe Audio Visual Media Quickly resizes digital pictures for uploading, email or other documents. Creates multiple images of different sizes, file types and compression settings with just one click. Creates thumbnail pictures for web pages. Optimizes, sharpens, trims, crops and colour balances images. Generates HTML script to put pictures in a web page. Automatically crops and rescales images to fit specific sizes. Grabs screen shots from anything on your screen. image resize compress reduce thumbnail convert edit size sharpen optimize web quick trim generate grab screen shot capture editor graphic pixelgrease net rescale crop resample jpeg jpg gif png ico icon photo net optimise easy html

ClearImage Free SDK by Inlite Research Easily develop fast reliable applications to recognize poor quality Code39 Code128 PDF417 UPC UCC Postnet 2of5 DataMatrix and many other barcodes from document images. Automatically Improve Denoise Deskew Rotate and manipulate scanned or faxed images. ClearImage FREE SDK contains the ActiveX tools to Evaluate, Develop, Test and Deploy image data capture applications in Visual Basic, C++ and Delphi. Comes with FREE professional consulting barcode recognition read barcode activex code39 code128 pdf417 datamatrix com deskew repair image remove noise autorotate auto crop fax data capture interleaved 2of5 postnet

Able Batch Converter by GraphicRegion.com Able Batch Converter allows you to easily convert multiple graphics files at the click of a button. More than that, you can also edit images directly in Able Batch Converter, to produce a variety of effects (rotate, flip, resize, mirror, auto crop, filters, noise remove, deskewing, watermarks, margins, color enhancements). Able Batch Converter can take any number of images in any format (over 90 file formats supported) and convert them. convert jpg png bmp tif pcx gif dib rle tga emf wmf pdf ps eps ai

Imaging Express by Vixelsoft A low cost image viewer and editor specially designed to handle document imaging for Windows XP, with the ability to read and save multi-page scanned documents in TIFF or PDF, supports over 30 other formats. Reading and adding Kodak Imaging compatible annotations. Image edit tools geared for scanned page image processing, such as mark and crop, auto crop black border or white edge, straighten page (deskew), remove noise spots (despeckle). image imaging document imaging imaging for windows kodak imaging annotation kodak annotation image viewer image editor scan multi-page tiff pdf crop auto crop crop border deskew despeckle

Advanced Image Resizer by Etru Software Development Advanced Image Resizer is an all-in-one batch image converter and resizer. It allows you to convert images between the most popular formats, resize images in 8 ways with 12 resizing filters, add text captions and image watermarks on images, auto rename the output image files.and generate web image galleries. image resizer image converter image gallery watermark graphic converter

iRondo Imaging Station V1 by Inlite Research Easy to use iRondo profiles simplify the batch processing of thousands of images per hour by automating common image cleanup and organization functions in a foolproof way. Automatically group image batches by coverpage barcode, rename files by the barcode value, clean up (despeckle, remove border, noise, crop, autorotate) images, prepare PDF files for customer delivery, create barcode extracts for integration with other applications batch management automation barcode grouping batching renaming reading archive quickscan tiff jpg image fix code39 code128 pdf417 datamatrix deskew repair image remove noise despeckle autorotate auto crop pdf417 datamatrix

Miraplacid Publisher by Miraplacid Miraplacid Publisher is the easiest way to convert your documents to images or web presentation. All the printable document formats supported. It is fairly easy to use when you need to converts a document time to time and pretty powerful if you convert hundreds of documents a day. Despite on low price, Miparlacid Publisher is quite professional tool. It includes sophisticated features like smart document borders detector and manager. printer driver image driver tiff ccitt jpg jpeg tga bmp tif raster printer driver virtual printer driver publisher distiller converts printable documents images presentation

http://tolstoy.newcastle.edu.au/R/help/05/11/16204.htmlRe: [R] Crop white border for PDF output

This message: [ Message body ] [ More options ]
Related messages: [ Next message ] [ Previous message ] [ In reply to ] [ Re: [R] Crop white border for PDF output ] [ Next in thread ] [ Replies ]

From: Claus Atzenbeck <claus.atzenbeck_at_freenet.de>
Date: Wed 23 Nov 2005 - 00:59:16 EST
On Tue, 22 Nov 2005, Marc Schwartz wrote: > Without your code, it is hard to know exactly what you need to resolve
> the problem or why your manipulation of the margins did not work as you
> want, but I am guessing that the following might be helpful.
The reason why the manipulation of margins does not make me happy is that I have to name concrete numbers for every diagram. Basically, it would be nice to tell R to produce PDF output without *any* white border. It looks ugly when viewed directly, but it is perfect when included in documents, where, e.g., TeX takes care of spaces between diagrams an captions, etc. Even your examples with the reduced borders still show a white border around the diagram. It would take rather long to get rid of that by using trial and error. The disadvantage with pdfcrop is that it takes an additional step: First, I have to produce the diagrams, then, I have to call pdfcrop on them to crop the white space. pdfcrop does a perfect job here: It crops the complete white space around a diagram automatically without having me to name some concrete numbers. It would be very nice if R would have an option that would allow to do me to do this for graphics that will be included in documents later. Claus

http://www.sherrodcomputers.com/products_tiffborder.cfm
TIFF Border Remover

TIFF Border Remover General Info Download Trial Purchase Customers include:
IBM
Ikon
Microsoft
Kodak
Xerox
Olympus
Minolta
NASA
More >> Custom Application Development
Click here for information Products

Sherrod FTP Client (NEW)

PDF Page Counter Deluxe w/DLL

Tiff Page Counter Deluxe w/DLL

LogRover web analyzer

TurboChart

DLL / COM Products

Tiff Merger DLL
(.Net Available)

Tiff Splitter DLL
(.Net Available)

Tiff Reverse DLL

Tiff Page Counter DLL
(.Net Available)

PDF Page Counter DLL
(.Net Available)

[Download the Tiff Border Remover 1.0 Trial] Automatically crop your entire archive of TIFF Images!

TIFF Border Remover was developed to quickly automate the cropping of TIFF images scanned (or saved) with a border. Tiff Border Remover supports single and multipage TIFF files.

Sample Input

Sample Output

Features Include:

Automatically remove borders around TIFF files

Supports single and multipage TIFF files

Scan through all sub-folders

Unequaled tech support

[Click here to Download the Demo]

Sample Screen Shot

Phone (Toll Free): 877-440-2890 E-Mail: support@sherrodcomputers.com
Local: 615-459-2921
Fax: 615-410-2019

http://www.imageconverterplus.com/help-center/work-with-icp/examples/how-to/crop-black-margins/
How to crop black margins after scanning?

Question:

How to crop black margins after scanning?

Question:

How to crop black margins after scanning?

Answer:

If you have ever scanned a book or viewed a scanned copy of a book you have surely noticed black margins around the image. If you need to print these images, you should remove black margins beforehand. This operation is long and tiresome when performed manually while Image Converter Plus deals with it in several mouse clicks. Here's a way of removing black margins from images with the help of Image Converter Plus:

Launch Image Converter Plus.
Go to Photos tab, select and add files you want to change to the specified size.
Go to Script tab and click on "Add operation" in the "Operation before save: Add operation" line. Select Crop Image from the menu.
Click on "+" mark to the left of Add operation line to expand settings of added operations.
In Crop Image operation, select "margins autocrop" line from the list.
In "Auto crop border color" combobox, select "Black" line (if margin color is neither black nor white, select "User defined" line and choose a color from the dialog box, then press OK button).
To crop margins correctly, experiment with "tolerance" value to achieve best results. Do the following:

Set value to 10% with the help of the scroller located to the right of image area.
Press Preview button.
Press Generate button.
The result is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen. If you're not satisfied with the result, experiment with "tolerance" value and generate the image once again. If you're satisfied with the result check other conversion settings.

In "Save images in .... format" line, select the format of the resulting image.
Adjust format settings (default values are optimal).
Specify the path for resulting images.
Adjust other settings.
Press "Start" button to start conversion.

gears

rockyen — Sun, 28 Sep 2008 01:02:48 CDT

Welcome To The QTC Gears Online Catalog Click a category below to enter the catalog. Home Free Catalog
3,459 Parts found
Spur Gears	Helical Gears	Internal Gears	Racks

Racks & Pinions	Miter Gears	Bevel Gears	Screw Gears

Worms, Worm Gears	Other Products



Note: Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made to provide accurate technical and product information. The company disclaims responsibility for any error or omission in the accuracy of the technical and product information published. Quality Transmission Components E-Mail: qtcsupport@qtcgears.com Phone: 516-437-6700 Fax: 800-737-7436 or 516-328-3343

var G=0; var G=0; var S; var RFR=document.referrer; RFR=RFR.toLowerCase(); G=RFR.indexOf("globalspec"); P=RFR.indexOf("powertrans"); if (G > 0){ S="../Database/GlobalspecCounter.asp?Page=Globalspec%20QTC%20Gears%20eStore%20Pages"; document.write(" "); } if (P > 0){ S="../Database/PowerTransCounter.asp?Page=PowerTrans%20QTC%20Gears%20eStore%20Pages"; document.write(" "); }

crop1

rockyen — Sat, 20 Sep 2008 04:03:32 CDT

Crop tab

The crop tab lets you specify full automatic cropping, full manual cropping and a range of options between. Note that VueScan also lets you change these values by using the mouse on the preview image. The crop area is displayed as a blinking dashed line (marching ants) that defines the area for subsequent VueScan operations. Position the mouse over the blinking line and drag to reposition any edge. Hold down the shift key and click and drag anywhere within the crop area to reposition the entire crop area (or drag the center of the crop area with the mouse). Click the scan tab for VueScan to display the result of the cropping automatically. The scan tab will use the data from the preview if a full scan has not yet been performed. The area included in the crop is important in two ways. First, this is the area of the scan that will be included in the output files. Second, this area is used to calculate color balance, histogram, and other settings. Be sure not to include the border around the edge of an image as part of the crop as this may cause these settings to be calculated incorrectly. Crop | Buffer (%) can also be used to prevent inadvertent inclusion of data outside of the desired frame in color settings.) Crop | Crop size
Crop | X/Y size
Crop | Auto offset
Crop | X/Y offset
Crop | Multi crop
Crop | Multi type
Crop | X/Y images
Crop | X/Y spacing
Crop | X/Y padding
Crop | X/Y linked
Crop | Show multi outline
Crop | Auto rotate
Crop | Crop orientation
Crop | Lock aspect ratio
Crop | Aspect ratio
Crop | Border (%)
Crop | Buffer (%)
Crop | Preview area
Crop | Preview X/Y offset/size
Crop | Focus X/Y offset

Crop | Crop size

This option specifies the method used to determine the size of the cropped image: Manual Lets you enter all of the crop sizes manually. This option will also be selected if you have adjusted the crop size or position using the mouse on the preview window. Auto Analyzes the image and uses built-in rules to find the edges automatically. This setting works well most of the time if you want to capture the whole image. Maximum Sets the crop size to be the same as the size of Crop | Preview area. This is particularly useful when saving the raw scan data to files as it ensures that everything the scanner reads will be saved. (specific sizes) Sets the crop area to known dimensions. If a specific size is selected, the Crop | Crop orientation option will be available. Basic Option: This option is always displayed.

Crop | X/Y size

This is the size of the image area that you are cropping. If set to zero, the entire scanned area will be used. Basic Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Crop size is set to "Manual".

Crop | Auto offset

Setting this option will automatically offset the crop box. It will find the best placement for it to capture as much of the image as possible. To save time when batch scanning, clear this option and Crop | Auto rotate and set Input | Lock exposure. Then when you press "Scan" it will perform a scan without additionally creating a preview. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Crop size is set to anything except "Maximum".

Crop | X/Y offset

This is the offset in the preview area of the start of the image data. These positions are relative to the upper left-hand corner of the preview area. See Crop | Preview area. Basic Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Auto offset is displayed and not set.

Crop | Multi crop

This option is used with some flatbed scanners that have a black plastic mask that holds multiple slides or film strips. It can also be used to scan multiple snapshots on a flatbed scanner when you put them in a grid on the flatbed. This option indirectly sets up the Crop | X/Y images, Crop | X/Y spacing, Crop | X/Y padding, and Crop | X/Y linked options. If you have a film holder that isn't supported by VueScan, use the "Custom" option. When you find the values that work best with your film holder, please send these values to support@hamrick.com (make sure you put the word VueScan in the body of the e-mail, or it won't get through). Basic Option: This option is always displayed.

Crop | Multi type

Set this option to control what type of image is being cropped in each section of the custom multi crop area. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Multi crop is set to "Custom".

Crop | X/Y images

Set these options to set up a grid for scanning separate images. Each image within the grid can be cropped and rotated independently. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Multi crop is set to "Custom".

Crop | X/Y spacing

These values can be set when Crop | X/Y images is set to a value greater than 1. See Crop | X/Y images. Set the approximate width (X spacing) and height (Y spacing) of each element in the grid defined by Crop | X/Y images. For example, 8 4x6 photos on a 12x16 flatbed scanner would have X spacing of 6 inches and Y spacing of 4 inches. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Multi crop is set to "Custom".

Crop | X/Y padding

If these values are set to 0, then the grid is centered, otherwise this is an offset to the first box in the grid. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Multi crop is set to "Custom".

Crop | X/Y linked

This option indicates that all frames in the horizontal or vertical direction move together when one of the frames is offset. This usually indicates strip film in a horizontal or vertical orientation. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Multi crop is set to "Custom".

Crop | Show multi outline

Turn this option off if you don't want to see the lines around the multi-crop boxes. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Multi crop is used.

Crop | Auto rotate

Setting this option will automatically rotate the crop box. It will find the best placement for it to capture as much of the image as possible. This option only functions when the crop box fits inside the preview area both horizonally and vertically. Some slide scanners let you put the slide in landscape or portrait mode, and this option rotates the image to either portrait or landscape orientation to match the image. To save time when batch scanning, clear this option and Crop | Auto rotate and set Input | Lock exposure. Then when you press "Scan" it will perform a scan without additionally creating a preview. Basic Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Crop size is set to anything except "Maximum" and when Crop | Multi crop isn't used.

Crop | Crop orientation

Use this option to control whether the size specified in the Crop | Crop size option is oriented in portrait or landscape view. Basic Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Crop size is set to a specific size and not auto rotating, or when Crop | Crop size is set to "Auto" and Crop | Multi crop isn't used.

Crop | Lock aspect ratio

This option forces the crop box to keep a constant aspect ratio while one (or two) edges are being dragged by the mouse. This ratio is always greater than one, and is the ratio of the longest edge to the shortest edge of the crop box. If set to "Off", the aspect ratio isn't locked. If set to "Image size", the aspect ratio is computed using the Output | Printed size option. If set to "Manual", the Crop | Aspect ratio option will appear and you can manually set the aspect ratio of the crop box. Advanced Option: This option is always displayed.

Crop | Aspect ratio

If Crop | Lock aspect ratio is set to "Manual", use this option to manually set the ratio of the longest edge to the shortest edge of the crop box. For instance, if you plan on printing an image on 4x6 paper, the aspect ratio should be 1.5 (6 divided by 4). Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Lock aspect ratio is set to "Manual".

Crop | Border (%)

This instructs VueScan to enlarge the image beyond the edge of the crop box. This added border is ignored when computing the color balance of the image. This option is useful for adjusting the size or position of the crop box that may have cut off parts of the image you want to keep. Because border will extend the effective area that is cropped, it will tend to include areas of white (or black) in the resulting image; if these parts of the image were not ignored when computing color balance, they could skew the results. Border is a percentage relative to the dimensions of the cropped area, up to the maximum size of the preview area. Border can also be set as a negative value in order to reduce the size of the image. Compare this option to Crop | Buffer (%). Advanced Option: This option is always displayed.

Crop | Buffer (%)

This causes VueScan to ignore some image data just inside the edge of the crop box of the image when computing the color balance of the image. Unlike Crop | Border (%), the buffer does not affect the size of the image. This option is useful to account for sizing or positioning errors of the crop box that incorrectly include parts of the image from its outer edges. These white or black areas can significantly skew the calculation of color balance if not ignored. Buffer is a percentage relative to the dimensions of the image area. Because it includes a Crop | Border (%) it should always be set slightly higher than Border. Compare this option to Crop | Border (%). Advanced Option: This option is always displayed.

Crop | Preview area

The preview area is the subset of the total scan area that gets scanned to produce a preview. This option can be set manually, set to the same as the last preview, set to the crop box, set to the default or set to the maximum possible. Note: if you set a smaller preview area, the scanner head will move only far enough to cover that area. This can reduce the amount of time needed to scan, especially on flatbed scanners. Because the stepper motor that moves the scan head is often the factor that limits speed, it also makes sense to orient images in landscape (and set the preview area accordingly). Advanced Option: This option is always displayed.

Crop | Preview X/Y offset/size

These options describe the size of the preview area. They are relative to the upper left-hand corner of the image, negative, or slide. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when Crop | Preview area isn't set to "Maximum".

Crop | Focus X/Y offset

This option determines where the auto focus is centered. This position is displayed on the preview as a small animated box. Film tends to curl along its length, as well as across its width in which case the focus will be slightly off as the edges of the film will be closer to the lens than the center. To minimize this effect, position the focus point between the center of the film and its edge in both dimensions, or slightly closer to the edge to account for less depth-of-field the closer to the lens. Advanced Option: This option is displayed when the scanner is capable of focusing.

http://www.pegasusimaging.com/prizmgrayfeatures.htm
Prizm® Gray Application
Grayscale Image Processing

Features

Expand All

Technical Notes

Operating environments: Windows XP, 2000 or above
Customer-acclaimed technical support
Free trial version available upon request

Batch Processing

Supports high-volume scanning operations and service bureaus requiring multiple image processing steps
Apply multiple image enhancement processes in a single run

Job Manager

Main processing application for enhancing images
Deskew, crop, resize and threshold grayscale and color images
Create reusable enhancement lists and job profiles specific to projects or document types
Define all image processing settings, including Confidence Values
Specify input and output file locations and formats
Automatically routes low confidence images to Exception Handler application for manual processing

Exception Handler

Manually correct "exception" images through an easy-to-use interface
Once processed, the image can be "accepted" by the operator, and saved to the output folder

Deskew

Straighten skewed grayscale and color images meeting a minimum confidence value to find over-skewed images or route to the Prizm Gray Exception Handler for operator correction

DESKEW

Intelligent Crop

Automatically remove dark borders frequently created when scanning film
Confidence values allow routing of exception images (images with low contrast or edges that are not sharp and straight) to another cropping method or to an operator correction station for exception handling
Rectangle Crop with Confidence Values

Crop and rotate an image so the resulting output image is cropped to the edges of the original document
Looks for contrast in hue, saturation or brightness between the background color and the edge

RECTANGLE DETECT

Border Detection with Confidence Values

Find the edges of a scanned document by automatically comparing the document to a specific background border color
Configurable speck size detection accounts for white noise resulting from poor quality film

BORDER DETECT

Data Detection with Confidence Values

Crop an image to the first occurrence of image content
Looks for contrast in hue, saturation or brightness between the background color and the image data, with a minimum speck size set that should allow for variance in the border color

DATA DETECT

Image Formats Supported

Input grayscale or color

TIFF, JPEG, Windows BMP, JFIF, PCX

Output bitonal, grayscale, or color

TIFF (Group 3 1-D & 2-D, Group 4, Uncompressed, Pack Bits), JPEG, BMP, CALS1, PCX

Brightness, Contrast, Gamma

Brightness/Contrast and Gamma Correction improve image quality and readability
Enhance the text or other image content by lightening or darkening

BRIGHTNESS / CONTRAST

Resize

Use Pixel Size method of resizing by entering the width and height in pixels of the output image
Use Aspect Ratio parameter by entering one of the two values, and calculating the second value

Thresholding

Convert a continuous tone (grayscale or color) image to a black and white (bitonal) image
Allow the end user to select from three methods of thresholding using configurable settings:

Localized
Automatic
Manual

Also Available

Prizm® Viewer v7 The Browser-Based Image Viewer

FolderBots™ The Image Transformer Service

ScanFix® Application v4 Bitonal Image Enhancement Application

Prizm® IP Advanced Image Processing Toolkit

barcode

compression

editing & enhancement

Prizm Gray Application

Barcode Xpress - High-Speed Barcode Recognition Toolkit

CapturePRO - The Image & Video Acquisition Toolkit

FolderBots - The Image Transformer Service

FormFix - Forms Processing and OMR Toolkit

FormSuite - Forms Processing Toolkit Suite

ImagXpress - The Comprehensive Imaging SDK

ISIS Xpress - High-Speed ISIS Scanning Toolkit

JPEG Wizard - World's Most Advanced JPEG Tool

OCR Xpress - The Full-Page OCR Toolkit

PDF Xpress - The PDF Support Toolkit

PICTools - Advanced Compression Technology SDK

PICVideo - The Fastest Video Codec

Prizm Gray Application - Grayscale Image Processing

Prizm IP - Advanced Image Processing Toolkit

Prizm Viewer - The Browser-Based Image Viewer

ScanFix Application - Bitonal Image Enhancement Application

ScanFix Xpress - Bitonal Image Enhancement Toolkit

SmartZone ICR / OCR - Zonal ICR and OCR SDK

http://docs.gimp.org/en/gimp-tool-crop.html

4.4. Crop

Revision History

Revision $Revision: 2532 $

2008-01-11

j.h

Figure13.99. Crop tool

The Crop Tool is used to crop or clip an image. It works on all the layers of the image, visible and invisible. This tool is often used to remove borders, or to eliminate unwanted areas to provide you with a more focused working area. It is also useful if you need a specific image size that does not match the original dimensions of your image. Just like the selection tools, the new crop tool has been enhanced with the v2.4 release. The resize handles actually resize the crop rectangle instead of providing both resize and move functionality. The tool behaves more naturally and consistently with other GIMP tools. To move, simply drag the rectangle clicking within the area. Resizing is possible in one or two axes at the same time dragging the handle-bars on the sides and corners. The outside area can be darkened with a nice passepartout effect to better get the idea of how the final crop will look like. To validate cropping, click inside the crop rectangle or press the Enter key. When the mouse becomes the moving cross-hair, you can use the keyboard arrow keys to move the crop rectangle. Holding the Shift key down allows to move by steps of 25 pixels. You can use Guides to position the crop area. Make sure that the View → Snap to Guides option is checked.

4.4.1. Activate the Tool

You can access this tool from the image-menu through: Tools → Transform tools → Crop.
The Tool can also be called by clicking the tool icon: ,
or by using the Shift+C keys.

Tip


	A different and quicker way to crop selections is using the Image → Crop Image function in the Image menu.

4.4.2. Key modifiers (Defaults)

Shortcut The Shift+C shortcut will change the active tool to the Crop Tool. Key modifiers When you maintain click on the crop rectangle, handles disappear and

holding down the Ctrl key toggles to the Extend from Center option,
holding down the Shift key toggles to the Fixed option, which makes some dimensions fixed.

4.4.3. Options

Figure13.100. “Crop” tool options

Overview The available tool options for Crop can be accessed by double clicking the Crop tool icon. Current Layer Only This option will make crop affect only the active layer. Allow Growing This option allows the crop or resize to take place outside the image or layer boundary.

Figure13.101. Example for “Allow Growing”

The option is checked: you can draw the crop rectangle outside the image border.

The resulting image has the same size as the crop rectangle. The area outside the original image limit is transparent.

Expand from Center When this option is checked, the crop rectangle expands from the first pixel you clicked taken for center. You can toggle this option with Ctrl while drawing the crop rectangle. Fixed You can also access this option by holding down the Ctrl key while drawing the crop rectangle. This option offers you several to make drawing the crop rectangle respect fixed dimensions, or their ratio:

Aspect ratio: That's the default possibility. Width and Height keep the same ratio they have in the original image, when drawing the crop rectangle.
Width / Height: only Width or Height will remain fixed. The value of this dimension can be set in the text box below; it defaults to 100 pixels.
Size: both Width and Height will be fixed. Their values can be set in the text box below, in the form “150x100” for example. The crop rectangle will adopt this values as soon as you click the image. On the right, two buttons let you choose a Landscape (widthwise) or Portrait (upright) format for the crop rectangle.

Position These two text boxes show the position (horizontal on the left, vertical on the right) of the upper left corner of the crop rectangle in real time and you can change it manually too. It is stated in pixels, but you can change the unit thanks to the drop-down list of the px button. The coordinate origin is the upper left corner of the canvas (not of the image). Size These two text boxes show the size (horizontal on the left, vertical on the right) of the crop-rectangle in real time and you can change it manually too. It is stated in pixels, but you can change the unit thanks to the drop-down list of the px button. Highlight This option toggles the dark outside area intended for highlighting the crop rectangle. Guides All kinds of guides are described in Section2.2, “ Rectangle Selection ” Autoshrink The Auto Shrink button will attempt to locate a border, in the active layer, from which to draw dimensions from. This option only works well with isolated objects contrasting sharply with background.

Figure13.102. Example for “Autoshrink”

An image with a sharp limit in it and a crop rectangle.

After clicking the Autoshrink button, the crop rectangle has been shrunk to fit the sharp limits.

Shrink Merged This option works the same, with Auto Shrink or not. It uses the pixel information from all visible layers, rather than just from the active layer.

Photoshop Tutorials: Cropping Photos To Specific Frame Sizes

Learn Photoshop with Photoshop Tutorials at Photoshop Essentials.com

Written By Steve Patterson In this Adobe Photoshop tutorial, we're going to look at how to easily crop a photo to whatever frame size you need. A common question we receive has to do with resizing photos. Specifically, how do you resize a photo to a standard frame size like 5x7", 8x10" or 11x14" without distorting the photo and making everyone in it appear tall and thin or short and fat? Here's an example of the problem. I take many of my photos with a Canon Digital Rebel XT, which is an 8MP camera. Here's a photo I took with it last winter:

Photoshop Tutorials: The original photo.

Download this tutorial as an easy to read, ready to print PDF eBook! Now, let's say I want to print this photo as an 8x10" so I can frame it. Since the photo was taken with an 8MP camera, getting a professional quality 8x10" print from it shouldn't be a problem. Let's look at the pixel dimensions of this image so we can see exactly what size it is. I'm going to open Photoshop's Image Size dialog box by going up to the Image menu at the top of the screen and choosing Image Size. If we look at the Pixel Dimensions section at the top of the dialog box, we can see that my photo, as it appears straight out of the camera, has a width of 3456 pixels and a height of 2304 pixels:

Photoshop Tutorials: Photoshop's Image Size dialog box showing the pixel dimensions of the photo.

The Pixel Dimensions section tells us exactly how many pixels our image is made of, but it has nothing to do with the size the image will print. To view or change the photo's print size, we need to turn to the Document Size section of the dialog box. Currently, the Document Size section is telling us that at a resolution of 240 pixels per inch, which is a standard resolution for professional quality printing, my photo will print at a size of 14.4x9.6 inches. That's certainly a decent size photo, but I probably wouldn't have much luck finding a frame that fits it. If I want to print the image and frame it, I'll first need to resize it to a standard frame size, like 8x10". Let's see what happens when I try to change the print size of the photo to 8x10" using the Image Size dialog box, which is normally what we use when resizing images. Since my photo is in landscape mode (meaning the width is larger than the height), I'm actually going to want a 10x8" photo, so I'll change the Width value in the Document Size section to 10 inches. I want to make sure I don't distort the aspect ratio of the image when I resize it, so I'm going to select the Constrain Proportions option at the bottom of the dialog box, which tells Photoshop to change the height of the image automatically according to the new width value I've entered. I'll go ahead and change the Width to 10 inches:

Photoshop Tutorials: Changing the print size of the image in the Document Size section.

I've now changed the width of my photo to 10 inches, and because I had the Constrain Proportions option selected, we can see above that Photoshop went ahead and changed the height of my photo to... 6.667 inches?? That's not right. We need a 10x8" photo, not 10x6.667". Hmm... I guess I'll just have to change the Height to 8 inches myself:

Photoshop Tutorials: Changing the height of the image manually in the Document Size section.

Okay, there we go. I've changed the height of the photo to 8 inches, and now the Document Size section is telling me that my photo is going to print perfectly at.... 12x8"?! Hey, what's going on? All I want to do is change the print size to 10x8", but if I change the width value, the height is wrong, and if I change the height value, the width is wrong! How do I resize the photo to 10x8"? The answer is, you can't. At least, not by trying to resize the image with the Image Size dialog box. The original dimensions of the photo won't allow us to resize it to a 10x8" without distorting the look of the image, which we don't want to do. So what do we do then? Simple! We forget about the Image Size dialog box and instead, we crop the photo to the exact size we want! For that, we use Photoshop's Crop Tool!

Step 1: Select The Crop Tool

The first thing we need to do is select the Crop Tool, so either grab it from the Tools palette or press the letter C on your keyboard to select it with the shortcut:

Photoshop Tutorials: Select the Crop Tool.

Step 2: Enter The Exact Print Dimensions You Need In The Options Bar

With the Crop Tool selected, if you look up in the Options Bar at the top of the screen, you'll see a Width and Height option where you can enter in the exact width and height you need, along with the type of measurement (inches, centimeters, pixels, etc). Since I want to crop my image to a 10x8", I'm going to enter 10 into the Width option, followed by a "in" which stands for "inches". Then I'll enter 8 into the Height option followed by another "in" for "inches":

Photoshop Tutorials: Entering the exact width and height in the Options Bar.

Step 3: Drag Out A Cropping Border

Once you've entered the exact size you need, simply click inside your image and drag out a cropping border. The area inside the border is the part of the photo you'll be keeping, and everything outside the border (which appears darker) will be cropped away. You'll notice as you drag that the shape of your border is now fixed, and that's because we set the aspect ratio of the border when we entered the exact width and height we needed into the Options Bar. The only thing we can do is adjust the overall size of the border by dragging any of the four corner handles. You can also reposition the border inside the image by moving your cursor inside the border (it will change into a black arrow), then clicking and dragging the border around with your mouse:

Photoshop Tutorials: Drag out a cropping border with the Crop Tool.

Step 4: Press Enter / Return To Crop The Image

When you're happy with the size and position of your cropping border, simply press Enter (Win) / Return (Mac) to have Photoshop crop the image:

Photoshop Tutorials: Press Enter (Win) / Return (Mac) to crop the image.

And just like that, I've successfully cropped my image to a 10x8" without distorting it. If we go back to the Image Size dialog box once again by going up to the Image menu and choosing Image Size, we can see that sure enough, the Document Size section is now showing a width of 10 inches and a height of 8 inches:

Photoshop Tutorials: The image will now print successfully at 10x8".

And there we have it! That's how easy it is to crop an image to any frame size you need in Photoshop!

Download this tutorial as an easy to read, ready to print PDF eBook!

http://www.nwhite.net/MooCrop/

MooCrop

About

MooCrop is an Image Cropping utility using the amazingly powerful mootools javascript framework. Alone it serves no practical purpose but used in conjuction with a server side script becomes a powerful image manipulation tool.

Why

Looking for a mootools solution, I searched and came up with a few existing implementations. Everything I came across were only partial implementations. Those that were more polished seemed to be sluggish and effecting the DOM needlessly in some places. I wanted a class that had a very intuitive interface and played nicely with the existing DOM and more importantly I wanted it to be fast. I came to the conclusion that developing my own would give me a better understanding of mootools and broaden my understanding of drag and drop inside the DOM. Initially I tried using the Drag.Base class found within mootools but found this to be clumbsy for this highly specialized form of dragging. With default options a single drag is moving/resizing not one but 13 DOM elements. The dragging functionality has been optimized with this sole purpose in mind.

Features

MooCrop goal is to do only one thing (image crop ) but to do it well. With this in mind I tried to make the class as flexiable as possible for your own use.

Completely customizable CSS styling
Detects and handles multiple CSS box models
Allows for masking to be toggled
Ability to hide resize handles during drag
Custom events for your own modification
Relative based postioning rather then absolute (should handle overflow properly)
Works and retains layouts on floating images.
Resize from 8 different directions
Ability to set minimium size limit
Cleans up nicely, leaving your DOM in its original state when removed.
Fast!

Documentation

Arguments element the image element you want to attach MooCrop to. options an object. see options below Options maskColor css valid color value for the mask background color. default: 'black' maskOpacity opacity value (0-1) for the masking areas. default: '.4' handleColor css valid color value for the handle background color. default: 'blue' handleWidth width of handles. default: '8px' handleHeight height of handles. default: '8px' cropBorder css valid border value for the crop area border. default: '1px dashed blue' min an object representing the minimum size the crop box can be. default: { 'width' : 50, 'height' : 50 } showMask a boolean flag to show or hide the masking area. default: true showHandles a boolean flag to show or hide handles during drag. default: false Methods getCropInfo returns an object with the current relative coordinates of the crop area in relation to the image top left corner. object properties ( 'width','height','top','left','right','bottom' ). removeOverlay detatches MooCrop from image and return the image to its pre MooCrop state. Events onBegin fired just before dragging or resizing occurs. returns [ image src, croparea, bounds, handle ] image src is the complete path of the image being cropped. croparea see getCropInfo(). bounds is a coordinates object defining the image bounds for the crop area, useful for labels ( see example below ). handle is the name of the current drag/resize event [NW,N,NE,E,SE,S,SW,W] if drag = NESW onCrop fired during drag. returns [ image src, croparea, bounds, handle ] onComplete fired after the drag or resize event. returns [ image src, croparea, bounds, handle ] onDblClk fired when the crop area is double clicked. returns [image src, croparea, bounds ] Additional Notes MooCrop does not rely on any css within the document its all set through object initialization. In preventing issues from arising from padding and margins the target image is hidden and a div is inject before it in the DOM tree. The image is used as a background image. The box is adjusted and the offset of the background image is based on the box model. If IE box model is being used and a border has been defined for the crop area the border will be included in the px width and height. The traditional box model will not include the border. When using MooCrop you must attach during or after the window load event. Using domready doesn't work because the image hasn't been rendered yet.

Requirements

MooCrop has been tested with IE 6 & 7, FF 2+, Opera 9.2 and Safari 2 & 3. Download mootools, required dependancies:

Core: Moo, Utility, Common
Native: Array, String, Function, Element, Event, Dom
Element: Element.Dimensions, Element.Events
Plugins: Hash

For your convenience:

Mootools compressed with YUI (24.2k)
MooCrop.js uncompressed (10.9k)

Examples/Usage

Include mootools and MooCrop in your page header <script type="text/javascript" src="/mootools.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/MooCrop.js"></script>
Default new MooCrop('crop_example1');
Changing the mask new MooCrop('crop_example2',{
'maskColor' : '#96743f',
'maskOpacity' : '.8'
});
Changing the handles new MooCrop('crop_example3',{
'handleColor' : '#333333',
'handleWidth' : '10px',
'handleHeight' : '10px',
'showHandles' : true
});
Adding labels with events var crop4 = new MooCrop('crop_example4');

// create a container for a label
// wrapper is the container that all
//MooCrop operations are performed
var indicator = new Element('span',{
'styles' : {
'position' : 'absolute',
'display' : 'none',
'padding' : '4px',
'opacity' : '.7',
'background' : '#ffffff',
'border' : '1px solid #525252',
'font-size' : '11px'
}
}).injectInside(crop4.wrapper);

// when dragging/resizing begins show indicator
crop4.addEvent( 'onBegin' ,
function(imgsrc,crop,bound,handle){
indicator.setStyle('display' , 'block');
});

// during the event update label
crop4.addEvent('onCrop' ,
function(imgsrc,crop,bound,handle){
indicator.setStyles({
'top' : crop.bottom + 10,
'left' : crop.left
}).setText("w: "+crop.width+
" h: "+crop.height);
});

// once event is done hide label
crop4.addEvent('onComplete' , function(){
indicator.setStyle('display','none');
});
Server handling example (double click on crop area) var crop5 = new MooCrop('crop_example5');

crop5.addEvent('onDblClk', function(img,crop,bound){
$('cropped').src = "crop.php?w="+crop.width+"&h="+crop.height+
"&x="+crop.left+"&y="+crop.top;
});

Upcoming Features

This is still very much a work in progress, I have additional features I am planning on adding in the near future. If there is anything you would like to see added please contact me.

Max size constraints
Ratio constraints
Keyboard events (arrow keys) move crop area 1px shift+arrow moves 10px
Crop area initialization can be set or drawn
Ability to draw new crop area outside existing area (functioning very much like photoshop)
Realtime crop preview
Subclassing to allow cropping any element for the use with the css property clip.

Other implementations on the internet use a moving marquee. While it has a nice visual effect I have been hesitant to go this route. It adds 4 more elements that need to be resized or moved. It requires images. I wanted customization with as little hassle as possiblee. Drop the script in and go. If enough people think this is a worth while feature I will look into including it as an option.

Contact

Nathan White: < nw at nwhite.net >

http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:YgFXrltT-v0J:www.darkwood.demon.co.uk/PC/crop.htm+crop+border&hl=zh-TW&ct=clnk&cd=99&gl=tw&client=firefox-a
Image Cropper

by Paul Marshall

Overview

Use Image Cropper to -

Easily maintain a specific aspect ratio
Create anamorphic images for widescreen TV
Resize if necessary with high quality
Crop for printing in landscape or portrait
Batch process with you choosing where to crop
Batch process automatically taking best fit to width or height
Reduce the size and resolution for Digital Photo Frames

The purpose of this program is to make it easy to crop a batch of images to a specific aspect ratio. The black border area may be included if necessary, and the colour of the border changed. The Safe Area can be shown so you can make sure none of your image will be lost off the edge of a normal TV screen. There's a batch mode with each picture presented to you in turn. All you have to do is decide where to crop and hit 'Save'.

Stills for Video

Primarily designed to crop images for inclusion a in video production where they have to fit a standard 4:3 aspect ratio, or a widescreen 16:9 ratio. If necessary, the image can then be saved in 720 x 576 pixels (for PAL, or 720 x 480 for NTSC) so that it matches standard video. If the crop is 16:9 this will result in an anamorphic image which will be stretched by the TV set so that it looks correctly proportioned. Presets for several standard TV output sizes are included for resizing if necessary. It can be useful to reduce the resolution especially when working with big mega pixel images. Note: if your video editing program can work in 16:9 then don't save as an anamorphic. Normally there is no need to worry about the actual pixel size. Original 4x3 image Cropped to 16:9 widescreen Anamorphic 4x3 output Fit to the safe area and include a black or coloured border

Photo Printing

This program is also useful in preparing photos for printing. For instance, the common print size of 7"x5" doesn't fit the common 4:3 aspect ratio of many digital cameras. Instead of leaving it to the photo printer to crop out the central area you can choose which area to print, and maybe also zoom in a bit. A selection of common sizes is included or custom sizes can be entered. No scaling need be done and there's no need to get involved in dots per inch, just get the height and width in the right proportion and leave the rest to the printers. Re-sizing is not really relevant here, its just the aspect ratio that matters. However if you do you wish to change the size, either larger or smaller, Image Cropper can do so with very good quality. Crop photos for printing.

Two ways to use a portrait photo in a video - crop to the width or include the full height with a border

Automatically add a text label

Batch Processing

A batch facility is included so that a large number of images can be processed quite quickly. This works by allowing multiple files to be selected which are then presented to you one by one so that all you have to do is select the area you want and click Save.
Alternatively, if you just want to crop to the best fit, width or height, then the whole batch can be processed automatically. Optionally, for landscapes the selection fits the width while for portraits a black border is included each side. View the Image Cropper Help file included with the application for more information.
Electronic photo frames These usually have fairly low resolution so apart from cropping the aspect ratio, by resizing to fit the frame you can pack a lot of photos on to a small memory card. Use up those little ones that come with cameras!
Using some of these frames can be confusing. Some of the pixel ratios can be odd. Image Cropper will help you get the sizes right.
For instance, this one (from Argos) claims "Screen resolution 1440 x 234 pixels (480 RGB x 234)". Although the frame is physically 16x9 the image files need to be 4x3. ( Anamorphic, like widescreen TV). An image saved at 480x234 gives a small squashed picture. For this frame an image has to be saved at 1440x1080 to make it fill the frame properly. Unfortunately the resolution is not really this high!

Levels Adjustment

With Image Cropper you can also adjust the brightness, contrast and colour saturation. There is a histogram display and a reading of RGB value at the mouse pointer. See the Image Cropper Help for more information

Free Download

Feel free to download and use this program, however if you find it useful you could consider making a small donation through If you have any comments, bug reports, feature requests or just to say hello - send me an E-mail. Then if I make any changes I can let you know. Requirements: I developed this under Windows XP. Some users have reported problems when using Windows 98 but regrettably I can't.investigate. Disclaimer: This software is provided 'as is' with no guarantees of any kind. No responsibility can be accepted for problems arising from it's use.

Download Image Cropper Version 1.7.0

New 12th June 2008.
Can add a Frame to the outside of the image.
Settings can be saved and loaded to/from a named file.
Change to resizing by dragging corners - opposite corner stays fixed
Fixed bug in filename when no extension given.

Screenshot: V.1.5.0 Older versions Download Image Cropper Version 1.6.0 Download Image Cropper Version 1.5.0 Download Image Cropper Version 1.4.7 .Note: This version is designed for a 1280x1024 or larger screen. Download Image Cropper Version 0.93.1 For users with a lower resolution screen. Designed for 1024 x 768 screen. If you have any problems or suggestions for improvements send me an E-mail. Use of this program is free and unrestricted. However, if you find my program useful please consider making a small contribution via PayPal.

Installation

Extract the program file cropper.exe and the help file folder Image Cropper Help into a new folder. Make a short-cut to cropper.exe. An .ini file will be created in the same folder. No registry entries are created. To uninstall simply delete the folder!

A word about Embedded thumbnails and EXIF informationMost digital cameras include a thumbnail image and information about the image, called 'exif', in the jpeg files they create. Jpegs saved by Image Cropper do not include this extra data and normally this is not a problem. However, some TV sets include a memory card reader for directly displaying camera images and these sets use the embedded thumbnail to provide their catalogue. They can take a long time to generate thumbnails from other jpegs such as Image Cropper files. One way around this is to use Image Cropper to resize to 1024 x 576 with a jpeg quality of 80. This will make smaller files while the quality will still be good.

Version History version (0.3) includes output resizing. (A bit slower than some programs maybe, but the quality is very good.) version (0.3b) Same as 0.3 but compiled with different compiler due to jpeg module bug. version (0.4b) includes border colour selection and safe area guide. Help reinstated. version (0.5b) added: exit Preview mode with any key, enter custom resize version (0.7b) added: Options to fit selected area to Safe Area. Safe Area can be varied. Preset resize options. Fully auto batch mode. version (0.8b) added: Rotate image by 90° or 180°. Enlarge border area. Toolbar buttons to access features. 'Save' doesn't show save dialogue - but 'Save As...' does. More preset resolutions. Improved help in html format. More status-bar information version (0.91b) Settings are saved on exit. Selection bounding box is restrained to useable area. Image list can be hidden / shown. Aspect Ratio can be unlocked. version (0.95b)Functionally the same as 0.91b but rearranged screen layout to suit 1280x1024 screen or larger only. version (0.92b) Custom size width and height swaps with Landscape / portrait change. For the 1152 x 864 screen. Likely to be the last in this screen size. version (0.93.1) Re-designed for 1024x768 screen size. Control of selection box improved. Style of box can be changed to improve visibility. version (1.10): Decided to take it out of beta test! Versions before 1.0 will be 1024x768; after 1280x1024 from now on. version (1.20): Control of selection box improved. Style of box can be changed to improve visibility.
Handling of square pictures improved and Square added to aspect list.
Custom resize values can be set to current aspect if required.
1.2.2 Annoying warning message about resizing removed. 1.2.3 Custom Aspect Bug fix version (1.30): Levels adjustment function added.
1.41 Toolbar button 1.42 Option to save settings between visits
1.44 Additions to presets lists such as A4 aspect ratio
1.46 Show Clipping added to Levels. Memory leak in batch mode fixed.
1.47 Autofit to Width / Height option added version (1.50):28/12/07 Screen layout redesigned again, now adjusts to different screen resolutions. File list dropped.. version (1.60) 6/2/08. Text overlay function such as to add a copyright message or filename. Basic print function added. Rotate by any angle added. Invert speeded up. Other angles still a bit slow I'm afraid! Aspect Ratio list revised, 'As Image' added. Help V1.5. version (1.70) 12/5/08. Can add a Frame to the outside of the image. Settings can be saved and loaded to/from a named file. Fixed bug in filename when no extension given. Change to way resizing by corners works. Help V 1.7
Use of this program is free and unrestricted. However, if you find my program useful please consider making a small contribution via PayPal.

guide to buying prints

1. Click on your event name. The gallery will open in a new window or tab.

If you don't see your event listed, you can do a search. (Please allow two to three days after the event for images to be uploaded).
If there are multiple galleries, a list will load. Click on the gallery you want to browse.

2. Browse thumbnails to find your friends and family. Click on a thumbnail to see the photo larger.

3. There are two ways to put photos in your shopping cart

Click on a thumbnail...
· Choose the print size and quantity.
· Choose a crop option

SUGGESTION: Use option 2 or 4 (as labled in the diagram. It will not be labled on the order page).
· Option 2 prints the photo to the edge of the paper. If the size you choose is not the same shape as the photo you selected, a part of the photo may be cut off.
· Option 4 will make sure the whole image as selected, fits on the paper size selected.This may leave a white border around your images.

· Choose a border option: no border, white, black, black on white, white on black

· Choose a color option

· Once satisfied with your selections,
click "ADD TO CART"
· You can change your crop, border and color selections at this point to add another version of the same image to your cart. Be sure to click
"ADD TO CART" after you've finished customizing each version of the image.
· Click "CHECK OUT" to pay or
"TO GALLERY" (upper left) to select more images
Select multiple images
· Check the "SELECT" box next to the desired photos. You can select photos on one page and go to the next page to select more. Your selections will be saved even when you change pages.
If there's a shopping-cart icon where the select box should be, that image is all ready in your cart. You can select print sizes and quantities later.
· Once you're done selecting, click "ADD TO CART".
· In the cart, you will choose print size and quantities.
· Click "CHECK OUT" when done to save your selections.
· If you want to add print sizes or return
to the gallery, click "MORE OPTIONS"
· Modify your print sizes and quantities or
click "BACK TO GALLERY" (upper left)
to add more images.
· Scroll through to check the thumbnails for bad crops (heads cut off, etc.)
If you find a problem, click "CROP & BORDER" to adjust. Then click "SUBMIT"
Ready for final check out. Once you have sorted through the cart, click "CHECK OUT".
Fill in your shipping information.
Final Purchase Approval page, enter your payment information. If you have a PhotoPass or gift certificate, enter you code on this page.

Includes Website and images displayed on it, except where noted.

geovisit();

UvumiTools Crop

Create Show/Hide Destroy

Description

In today's web2.0 era, more and more websites are user generated and boast dynamic content. Users sumbit text, images, videos, providing content for entire web sites. Most of the time, people submit photos straight from their camera because they don't have photo editing programs or they don't know how to use them. This simplified tool gives your users the ability to create a selection area that can be used to crop an image, live on your web site.

Features

Simple: There are some other Javascript image cropping tools out there already. We don't necessarily think they are bad--most of them accomplish the same task, some do it better, but they are frequently too complex for our tastes. With UvumiTools Crop, you don't have a dozen handles and double-click features. Drag from the middle to move, tug on the lower-right corner to resize, and that's it. Simple.
Set minimum sizes: If you know the thumbnails on your website will be 120*90 pixels, just set those values as minimums, and your users won't be able to select any smaller area than this. Why? Because if a smaller area is submitted, you have three possibilities:
- The user will end up with a smaller picture, not filling containers designed for a specific size.
- The server script will automatically expend the area before cropping to match the minimum size, surprising the user with a thumbnail not matching what was actually selected.
- The server script will crop the image to this smaller size first, then resize the thumb by expending it to the minimum size, resulting in picture quality loss, especially if the user selected a very small area (like a 30px area for a 120px thumbnail).
By defining a minimum size, you can avoid these problems.
Keep aspect ratio (or not): If you want all the thumbnails on your website to be squared or 4/3 and nothing else, you can lock the aspect ratio to the dimensions you specified as minimums (see above). Selection's height and width will grow and shrink together, maintaining proportions.
Real time preview: You can set an element of your document to render a preview of the thumbnail. It might not look as good as an actual resampled image, but it definitely gives your users a good idea of what the resulting image will look like.
Support HTML resizing: If the image has been resized to fit in the document, with <img> WIDTH and HEIGHT attributes or with CSS, the script will detect it and still return correct coordinates.
Callback function: This feature is very important, because without it this tool would be useless. Making selections on top of a picture is fun, but if you can't do anything with it, what's the point? Once you've created a selection, you must communicate the coordinates to your server-side script so it can perform the actual crop. It will need need two pieces of data: position and dimensions. That's why the cropper has a callback function, fired after every drag on the selection. By default, this function does absolutly nothing, but you can set it do anything when you initialize the script. The callback function recieves four arguments: top, left, width, height. It's up to you to grab those values, and put them in a form to submit to the server-side script. The demo shows how to do that. Ideally you would put them into hidden inputs, with another one referencing the image file to be cropped.
Can be toggled on and off: UvumiTools Crop offers tools to completly remove itself from the document (ideal once the the coordinates have been submited to the server) or to hide it so you can show it again later, without completely regenerating a new one. Good for memory management.
Modify style with CSS: Style is not hard-coded, you can modify the mask's color, the selection's border color, its thickness and style, with basic CSS. Use the downloadable sample to get started. Some important properties are overwritten by javscript to ensure the script will work, but they don't affect the way it looks. There isn't much you want to modifiy beside the mask and the border colors anyway.
Fast, even on slow computers: This one is for advanced CSS users: the other cropping scripts I've seen use a four-DIVs trick to display a mask around the selection. And that's how we initially coded ours--Everytime the selection is moved or resized we had to recalculate the positions and dimentions of the four Div elements. That meant 4 css properties for each div, except the first one which always stayed in the top left corner. But that's still 14 properties to calculate and update on every mouse move. If you add the preview at the same time, it can slow things down a bit.

Then we found a blog article about the little-known CSS cliping property. It almost does what this mask does: you specify four coordinates within an element (top, right, bottom, left) and it only renders this area, everything else is masked out. It took usa while to figure how to use it in the cropper context, because at first it was doing the opposite of what I wanted: it was rendering the mask only inside the selection, not outside. So in the end we duplicated the picture, and superimposed everything in four layers from bottom to top: original picture, mask, picture clone, selection. Then we applied the clipping property on the image clone, while keeping the mask as a single div covering the original. And that's it. Now when modifiying the selection, all I have to do is update the clip property on the image clone. That's one CSS property to update instead of 14.

Requirements

What you'll need:

A server-side script: Unlike other UvumiTools scripts which are mostly client-side only tools, UvumiTools Crop must be paired with a server-side script that will actually be able to so something with the coordinates. We are now providing a sample PHP script to crop images on the server side. It is available in the downloads section below.
Mootools 1.2: To use this plugin you'll need Mootools 1.2, but if you are already using another javascript framework like Prototype or JQuery, you may have to decide which one you want to keep because those frameworks were not designed to work together, and they ofen conflict with each other.
And yes, you actually do need version 1.2 of Mootools. If you are already using a previous version of Mootools then the Crop will not work unless you upgrade. Sure, upgrading is a slight hassle, but trust us, it's worth it in the long run.
Mootools Dependencies: If your website already contains some Mootools 1.2 stuff (from this wesite or elsewhere), then you're stoked because you can use a single Mootools library for everything. All you'll need is the UvumiTools Crop script, and to make sure your library contains the following classes:
- Core
  - Core
  - Browser
- Native
  - Array
  - Function
  - Number
  - String
  - Hash
  - Event
- Class
  - Class
  - Class.Extra
- Element
  - Element
  - Element.Event
  - Element.Style
  - Element.Dimensions
- Utilities
  - DomReady
- Fx
  - Fx
  - FX.CSS
  - FX.Tween
- Plugins
  - Fx.Elements
  - Drag
  - Drag.Move
  - Assets

How To

Initialization

new uvumiCropper(image,options);

Arguments

Image: Can be the ID of an image HTML element, or the element it-self, if grabbed the mootools way with the $() function. If you don't understand what it means, just pass the image ID.
Options: an object that will allow you to modify some properties of the script. Options are optional (of course). If you just want to keep default value, you don't need this second parameter.

Options

maskOpacity: Number between 0 and 1, defining the opacity of the masked overlayed on top of the image. Default is 0.5. To change its color, use the attached CSS file.
maskClassName: The css class you want to be applied to the mask, to modify its style with css. Default is cropperMask which corresponds to the name used in the sample CSS file that comes with this plugin.
moverClassName: The css class you want to be applied to the middle area that lets you drag the cropping region. You shouldn't have to modify this style. Default is cropperMove which corresponds to the name used in the sample CSS file that comes with this plugin.
resizerClassName: The css class you want to be applied to the outter area of cropping region. If you want to overrride the default red dashed border, this is the class you will alter. Default is cropperResize which corresponds to the name used in the sample CSS file that comes with this plugin.
wrapperClassName: The css class you want to be applied to the image wrapper. You shouldn't have to modify this style. Default is cropperWrapper which corresponds to the name used in the sample CSS file that comes with this plugin.
mini: An object with two values, x and y, defining the size of the thumbnail. These coordinates are used to generate the preview and as minimum size for the cropping region. Default is {x:80,y:80}.
onComplete: Event function fired when when you stop dragging/resizing. recieves four parameters: top, left, width, height (of the selection). By default, it's empty, but you can write a function to update a form that contains one hidden input for each coordinate (or one input with a json string, it's up to you). Then by submitting this form to a server script, you should be able to crop your image on the back-end (eg with GD library in PHP, just as we do in the sample script you can download below).
resizerWidth: Width of the resizing area (left and bottom margin of the cropping region). Default is 8px wide.
resizable: Boolean value, if the selection can be resized or not. Default is true
keepRatio: Boolean value, if the width/height ratio of the selection should be maintained or not. Default is true
preview: if you want to display a preview of the cropped image, you must specify a target container by its ID. Default is false, which means no preview will be generated. If any string is passed, the script will try to select the element with the corresponding ID.

Implementation

First, you simply import the files provided in the zip archive into your document. While you can insert <script> tags anywhere, we recommend you put them inside the <head> tag:

<head>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="css/uvumi-crop.css"/>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/mootools-for-crop.js"> </script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/UvumiCrop.js"> </script>

</head>

Then you must prepare the HTML code. You need one image. Let's just give it the id "myImage".

<div>

</div>

"my_image.jpg" is just a random image file name, we just assume it exists. Then we initialize the cropper object with this image's ID. Don't forget to wrap the ID with quotes when passing it to the object (double or single, doesn't matter);

new UvumiCropper('myImage');

</script>

In the end, if we put everything together. Mootools requires a strict Doctype to work properly. Use something like this:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>

<head>

new UvumiCropper('myImage');

</script>

</head>
<body>

<div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

You should get something like this. A cropper with default options: 80*80 pixels, resizable, keeps aspect ratio, no preview, 50% opacity mask

Let's try a step above. This time, we'll set no fixed ratio, with a preview. First part where you include the required script is the same. But you'll need an existing container for preview (because the script is not supposed to guess where to display it). Where just going to create an empty div, with id "myPreview".

<div>

</div>

Then we must tell the script to use this div as a preview container when we initialize the object, with the preview option. We also said we didn't want to keep the selection's aspect ratio, so we're going to set keepRatio to false

new UvumiCropper('myImage',{

keepRatio:false,
preview:'myPreview'

});

</script>

Put it together:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>

<head>

new UvumiCropper('myImage',{

keepRatio:false,
preview:'myPreview'

});

</script>

</head>
<body>

<div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

And you should get something like this. Try to resize the selection and check out how the preview reacts.

One more example: we're going to modify the genearal look of the cropper by assigning alternate CSS classes. We are also going to change the default minimum width and height, and, just to show that it's possible, disable resizing.

new UvumiCropper('myImage',{

maskOpicity:0.3,
maskClassName:'blueMask',
resizerClassName:'yellowSelection',
mini:{

x:120,
y:90

},
resizable:false

});

</script>

HTML will be the same as the first exemple, but we are going to create new CSS classes, corresponding the those we set in the cropper's options

.yellowSelection{

border: 2px dotted #FFB82F;

}

.blueMask{

background-color:#00f;
cursor:pointer;

}

</style>

Resulting code:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>

<head>

.yellowSelection{

border: 2px dotted #FFB82F;

}

.blueMask{

background-color:#00f;
cursor:pointer;

}

</style>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/mootools-for-crop.js"> </script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/UvumiCrop.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" >

new UvumiCropper('myImage',{

maskOpacity:0.3,
maskClassName:'blueMask',
resizerClassName:'yellowSelection',
mini:{

x:120,
y:90

},
resizable:false

});

</script>

</head>
<body>

<div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

Should produce this, if not, go back and check for typos or mistakes:

Ok, last but not least, we'll look at how the callback function works. At the same time, we are going to demontrate the HTML resizing feature: We are going to pick an 800px wide image, but we are going to scale it down to 400px match with the other. So techincally, when we draw a 100px*100px selection on this scaled down image, it virtually represents 200*200px on the full size image, the one the server will use. Same goes with top and height, and preview too, everything has to match this X2 factor. The script handles it and does all the conversion for you, if the image has been scaled up or down. We prepare the HTML first. We are going to create a form with four inputs. For the image, we are going to set the WIDTH attribute (we can either set here or with CSS, works with height too):

<div>

</div>
<form action="crop-image.php" method="post" >

<p>

</p>
<p>

</p>

</form>

Note that we create four read-only text inputs for this example, but in a real production environment, we'd probably set them as hidden, just like the one containing the image name (or any other kind of unique identifier). Now we want to synchronize those inputs with our cropper:

new UvumiCropper('myImage',{

onComplete:function(top,left,width,height){

$('input-top').set('value', top);
$('input-left').set('value', left);
$('input-width').set('value', width);
$('input-height').set('value', height);

}

});

</script>

It's that simple!

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>

<head>

new UvumiCropper('myImage',{

onComplete:function(top,left,width,height){

$('input-top').set('value', top);
$('input-left').set('value', left);
$('input-width').set('value', width);
$('input-height').set('value', height);

}

});

</script>

</head>
<body>

<div>

</div>
<form action="crop-image.php" method="post" >

<p>

<label for="input-top" >Top: </label> <input id="input-top" name="top" type="text" readonly="readonly" />
<label for="input-left" >Left: </label> <input id="input-left" name="left" type="text" readonly="readonly" />
<label for="input-width" >Width: </label> <input id="input-width" name="width" type="text" readonly="readonly" />
<label for="input-height" >Height: </label> <input id="input-height" name="height" type="text" readonly="readonly" />
<input name="image" value="my_image.jpg" type="hidden" />

</p>
<p>

</p>

</form>

</body>

</html>

You can see the form's inputs being updated whenever you release the selection. Note how the values are twice as large as the actual selection because the picture is scalled down by 50%:

Actual picture size : 800*698 pixels
Displayed size : 400*349 pixels
Coordinates generated match the picture's real size.

Top: Left: Width: Height: Send

Known Issues

Rounding problems: This only happens when dealing with images directly resized on the client side, especially with images scaled down. Coordinates need to be multiplied by a ratio to get the actual size. The result must be rounded to get a pixel value, and sometimes it's rounded to the upper value when that's not desirable. What happens? In the worst case scenario, you may end up with a selection area popping one pixel out of the picture. We'll try to fix this in the future.

Download

Mootools Library for UvumiTools Crop. Limited MooTools version custom-built for optimal UvumiTools Dock performance. This version of the MooTools library only contains the classes necessary for the Dock Menu plugin, so if you want to use this plugin with other Mootools plugins (including other UvumiTools Plugins), we recommend you build your own library from scratch on the Mootools website, or just download and use the whole Mootools script. Make sure you use version 1.2 and that you include all the classes described in the Requirements section above. Compressed script. If you are not a javscript geek and don't want to mess with the code, check this. Uncompressed and Commented script, if you are familliar with Mootools framework and think you can improve it, help yourself. CSS files. This includes the style sheet and images needed to get the result visible above. Demo. Contains the HTML code to generate the same example as above. PHP cropping sample to actually crop an image for real on a server, when you submit the coordinates generated with this plugin Download

Change Log

20080910 - Version 1.0.1: Added a PHP sample cropping script to the download package
20080902 - Version 1.0.0: Initial release. Stable with Mootools 1.2

window.google_render_ad();

crop-1

rockyen — Sat, 20 Sep 2008 02:49:07 CDT

There is no abstract available for this page revision.

not.explored.yet

rockyen — Sun, 14 Sep 2008 07:44:23 CDT

http://developer.daylife.com/

Daylife makes its technology platform available to developers, editors, publishers, and readers who want to dig their hands into the news and make new stuff. The Daylife Cookbook is a set of recipes you can use to jumpstart your news fiddling. It's a motley collection of ideas, samples, step-by-steps, case studies, and so forth, that you should feel free to borrow or steal from as you build your own applications on top of the DayPI. We've broken the cookbook up into several sections, listed below.


Showcase profiles live examples of how the DayPI is being used in the field	Sample Code and Tutorials walk you through how to build a complete implementation, sometimes with code sample and sometimes without.	Lazyweb Ideas are notions and sketches that illustrate possible applications of the DayPI, that you could build if you wanted, or that we might build if we weren't so lazy.

The recipes contained in the cookbook are updated all the time, with new additions and tweaks to old recipes in response to user comments coming every week. You can keep up with the new additions to the cookbook by watching our front page or by subscribing to our sitewide RSS. You can also navigate the cookbook by tag (see the tag cloud to the left and note the tags at the base of each recipe). Dig in!

i8news

Another app name starts with "i"? Yes, but also no, it's not any iPod "i" alike. It's because i8news reads like "i ate news" (inspired by my colleague's AIM handle i8code).

So the app involves some action with eating/nibble, check out the url here: http://i8news.appspot.com/static/nibble.html (apparently inspired by the famous Nibble game).

And the food comes from Daylife Search Quotes API (search_getQuotesBy). You will get a quote, and you need to reach the correct choice by practicing arrow keys.

So it's really simple as it is. It can go more advanced and with more features, because of the tools it has used:

GWT : for writing the javascript
Google App Enginge: supporting the backend
daypi: the python client from daylife used to do the actual api call (need a little modification to run in the Google App Engine)

Filed Under:

August 1 2008 - 15:53

Build a topic page

By vineet

Problem

You want to build a page about someone like Barack Obama or Steve Jobs or some organization like Google or NBA. Topics are pre-defined people, organizations, places, diseases, issues, events and products in the daylife eco-system. Things you can put on a topic page:

Top relevant Stories in recent times
Photos related to the topic (you will need your own licenses with Getty, AP and/or Reuters)
Top Quotes said by the topic or about the topic
Other Topics that are connected to your topic (a.k.a. Connections)
A timeline of coverage in mainstream news and blogs over a period of time
An abstract from wikipedia giving basic information about the topic

Read more below to see the code (in PHP) that builds this page.

Filed Under:

July 30 2008 - 16:38

Olympics 2008 @ USA Today

By vineet

Olympics.USAToday.com is showing coverage from sources all around the world for Olympics 2008 using the Daylife APIs. This portal has a page for every sport at the Olympics, and, in addition to its own coverage, USA Today is showing stories published by other sources on these pages.

Filed Under:

showcase

July 25 2008 - 20:57

NASCAR Drivers on TNT.tv

By vineet

TNT.tv launches a NASCAR drivers portal using the Daylife APIs. The portal shows stories, connections, quotes and photos for each driver. The portal uses the Topic APIs like topic_getRelatedStories, topic_getRelatedTopics, topic_getRelatedQuotes and topic_getRelatedImages to get data about each player.

Filed Under:

Daylife News + Dipity Timelines = NewsLine

In the world of 24-hour news channels, shrinking coverage and the rise of truthiness, Dipity aims to take the DayLife API and provide a broader context for the issues you care about. Leveraging the DayLife world and organized by Dipity on a map, timeline, list or flipbook. Newsline gives you more than just the current hottest story, it gives you a comprehensive view of an issue with images, video and stories from trusted sources. Want to compare the war in Iraq to the war in Afghanistan? Use Newsline to compare emerging stories and watch as existing stories evolve side by side. Got a blog post you're working on? Take your search from Newsline, select the view you want and drop it into your blog. Presto! you've now got something that's always pulling the most relevant news for the topic you care about and if you want you can add other sources to the mix as well. NewsLine. Get the whole picture.

Filed Under:

July 17 2008 - 10:36

Mashup: Wordle!

By vineet

Wordle is a toy (nifty tool) for generating “word clouds” from text that you provide. The clouds give greater prominence to words that appear more frequently in the source text. You can tweak your clouds with different fonts, layouts, and color schemes. Wordle also lets you create these "word clouds" using a RSS feed. Sumit Kataria has written a PHP script to generate RSS feeds from DayPIs for any search term you have. Just a perfect fit to use with Wordle! Here is a RSS feed for Barack Obama - http://develop.daylife.com/demos/feed.php?query=%22Barack%20Obama%22 Feed it to Wordle on http://wordle.net/create and here is what you get Another RSS feed for "Global Warming" OR "Climate Change" - http://develop.daylife.com/demos/feed.php?query=%22Global%20Warming%22%2... And here is its Wordle! -

Filed Under:

Jaxly News Engine:: in-depth news search, read news Deliciously and share news on Orkut via Snap News

A news search website with options for in-depth search, a new way of reading news - Deliciously and an OpenSocial application Snap News for Orkut to share your favourite news items with friends The most interesting: when the news is served Deliciously
The site Jaxly (http://jaxly.com) , a news engine, is a mashup, that provides in-depth news search. Google Docs presentation link . News Search options:

News by geographic region
News by time line
News with related conversations made by people on Twitter, recent events relating to the news

News served Deliciously

This allows you to read news by your Del.icio.us tags. You bookmark stuff on Delicious only when you like them. Which means you have tags which you like. So why not use them to read news? The site gets more interesting when you start reading news Deliciously Check it out! Thats the part I love. I had a friend who said "Oh! its addicting" :)

Share news via Snap News

News is always hot!!! Now share news with your friends via Snap News on Orkut.

Filed Under:

July 1 2008 - 13:06

Sky News In Depth

By vineet

Sky News provides in-depth news and content about hot topics in news using the Daylife API Platform. Sky news tracks coverage of hundreds of relevant topics and surfaces the rising topics on the Sky News home page. These topic pages provide in-depth content about the topic by showing related Sky News stories, a gallery of images, quotes and connections. Each topic page also shows the latest news stories from Sky News' partners and from sources all around the world to provide a global perspective on the topic. The Sky News topic pages use the Topic APIs (with source filtering) to show all the articles, images, quotes and connections for the topic. Each topic page also shows some Background information about the topic using the Wikipedia excerpt returned by topic_getInfo API. The "Show Connections" link for every connection on a topic page help you discover the articles and images that are related to both the topic and the connection. This feature calls the Search APIs and uses the names of the topic and the connection joint by the AND operator as the query.

Filed Under:

showcase

Word of the Day (WOTD)

Word of the Day [WOTD] is not your typical word-of-the-day that shows just a word and its definition. WOTD goes beyond the definition and brings you news, quotes, word count, images and web links relevant to the word of the day. Powered by DayPI and Yahoo! BOSS. DayPI Powered Sections:

News: The Word of the Day in recent news.
Quotes: The Word of the Day in quotes.
Word Count: The number of times the word of the day has appeared in recent news.

Yahoo! BOSS Powered Sections:

Web: The Word of the Day on the web.
Images: Images tagged with The Word Of The Day.

Other:
The actual word for the "Word of the Day" is from Yahoo! Education.

http://www.programmableweb.com/popular/recent

1 to 20 of 72 mashups

Previous1 2 3 4 Next

Name Description APIs

	Hurricane Ike: Twitter Chatter + YouTube VideosSee in realtime the Twitter chatter about Hurricane Ike and the v...	YouTube, Twittervision, Twitter Rating: 5.0 Visits: 206
	LuxtapeSlick open-source Muxtape clone that uses the SoundCloud API.	SoundCloud Rating: 5.0 Visits: 129
	ePassportePassport is numeric passport generated with results from Google ...	Twitter, Google, Flickr Rating: 5.0 Visits: 118
	Color CodeVersion 1.0 of a simple interface to ColourLovers, you can take a...	COLOURlovers Rating: 4.0 Visits: 113
	DoodleBuzzTypographic news explorer using a doodled line as an interface.	Daylife Rating: 5.0 Visits: 110
	Travel Map GeneratorA map generator that highlights individual countries. A color pic...	GoogleChart Rating: 4.9 Visits: 110
	Real Olympic Medal CountSure China and USA fought to win the most medals, but find out wh...	Swivel Rating: 4.7 Visits: 104
	Tube ClipTube Clip is a service based on You Tube mixing audio and video t...	YouTube Rating: 4.3 Visits: 91
	Rock Band 2 Song ListListen to the complete tracks on the upcoming game Rock Band 2. L...	YouTube, Lyricsfly, Amazon Rating: 5.0 Visits: 88
	UMapper UMapper is a universal map authoring application that allows you ...	OpenStreetMap, VirtualEarth, GoogleMapsFlash Rating: 5.0 Visits: 88
	Tixik.com Tourist GuideGlobal multilingual tourist guide. On-line photos, maps, videos, ...	YouTube, YahooMaps, WeatherChannel, Panoramio, GoogleMaps, GeoNames Rating: 5.0 Visits: 82
	OpenmapsCreate your own maps without the need to learn the Google API. Ty...	GoogleMaps Rating: 5.0 Visits: 79
	PluriboA novel system that can automatically read reviews and generate a...	Amazon Rating: 5.0 Visits: 79
	M.O.M. Open Source Music PlayerAn open source music library and player that organizes your music...	YouTube, LyricWiki, Lyricsfly, LastFM Rating: 5.0 Visits: 77
	Joe Biden's Journey Map that traces the life of US Democratic Vice Presidential nomin...	GoogleMaps Rating: 4.3 Visits: 69
	ain't just soulA record player for the Internet. Listen to records, 45s, LPs, et...	eBay Rating: 5.0 Visits: 68
	Feedzz A feeds aggregator organized by topic where posts are auto-tagged...	Twitter, GoogleTalk, GoogleAJAXLibraries, Calais Rating: 4.4 Visits: 68
	H1B Salary SearchAn interesting mix of USCIS immigration data which shows job loca...	GoogleMaps Rating: 5.0 Visits: 68
	Hittery.com - custom search dashboardHittery.com lets people create a custom search dashboard. Users c...	GoogleCustomSearch, GoogleAjaxSearch, GoogleAdSense Rating: 5.0 Visits: 67
	iPhoneTwittersa Twitter mashup which uses location data provided by iPhone Twit...	Twitter, GoogleMaps Rating: 5.0 Visits: 66

http://www.vimeo.com/1327599

DoodleBuzz - work in progress

by Brendan Dawes

2 months ago 2 months ago: Sat, Jul 12, 2008 1:01pm CST

window.addEvent(window.webkit ? 'load' : 'domready', function() { new Moogaloop('vimeo_swf48ccf13bc6aab', { clip_id: '1327599', server: 'vimeo.com', autoplay: '0', fullscreen: '1', show_portrait: '0', show_title: '0', show_byline: '0', color: '00ADEF', context: '', context_id: '', hd_off: '0', buildnum: '18949' }); });

window.addEvent('domready', function(){ new KaiserSoze({ brozar_id: 'brozar48ccf13bd06cf', targ_clip_id: 1327599, total_clips: 17, context: 'user:164794', clip_ids: ["1600424","1600265","1587397","1327599","719671","719660","678405","602829","472046","465751","465726","463821","399065","399058","267097","155026","150422"], clip_indexes: [17,16,15,14,13,12,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1], scrolly_id: 'brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll', is_logged_in: false }); });

var brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar = false; window.addEvent('domready', function() { brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar = new SWFObject( '/assets/flash/scrolly.swf', 'brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_swf', '12', '100%', '1', '#ffffff' ); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addVariable('content_id', 'brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addVariable('content_height', $('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll').getSize().size.y + 0); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addVariable('bg_click_offset', 0); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addVariable('snap_to', 0); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addVariable('rollover', '00adef'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addVariable('rollout', '5F5F58'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addVariable('bg', 'ffffff'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addVariable('bg_lines', 'CFCEC3'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addParam("allowScriptAccess", "always"); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addParam('scaleMode', 'showAll'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.addParam('quality', 'medium'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar.write('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_bar'); $('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_area').addEvent('mousewheel', function(event){ event = new Event(event); event.stop(); if (event.wheel > 0) { document.getElementById('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_add_scroll_swf').mousewheelUp(); } else if (event.wheel

See all Show me

Brendan Dawes' videos
Staff Picks

if( !window.vimeo_dropdown_1_dd ) { if( !vimeo_dropdowns ) var vimeo_dropdowns = []; var pos = { x: 0, y: 0 }; if( window.ie ) { } var vimeo_dropdown_1_dd = false; window.addEvent('domready', function() { var item_size = $('vimeo_dropdown_1_items').getSize().size.x; var dd_size = $('vimeo_dropdown_1').getSize().size.x - 6; if( dd_size > item_size ) { $('vimeo_dropdown_1_items').setStyle('width', dd_size + 'px'); } vimeo_dropdowns[vimeo_dropdowns.length] = new Dropdown('vimeo_dropdown_1', 'vimeo_dropdown_1_items', { onComplete: brozar_context_change, selected: 'user:164794##/bjdawes/videos/sort:date', args: 'brozar48ccf13bd06cf', delta_y: pos.y, delta_x: pos.x }); vimeo_dropdown_1_dd = vimeo_dropdowns[vimeo_dropdowns.length-1]; }); }

17. Brennivin

by Brendan Dawes

20 days ago

16. Video vs Sound

by Brendan Dawes

20 days ago

15. DoodleBuzz Version 1

by Brendan Dawes

22 days ago

14. DoodleBuzz - work in progress

by Brendan Dawes

2 months ago

13. OK buttons must die!

by Brendan Dawes

7 months ago

12. Cinema Redux at Design and the Elastic Mind, MoMA

by Brendan Dawes

7 months ago

11. Osmosis Beatbox

by Brendan Dawes

7 months ago

10. New York Timelapse

by Brendan Dawes

8 months ago

9. Seal Beach

by Brendan Dawes

8 months ago

8. Snow Shaker Memories

by Brendan Dawes

8 months ago

7. Play-Doh as Piano Keyboard!

by Brendan Dawes

8 months ago

6. Holy Typography Batman!

by Brendan Dawes

8 months ago

5. TypoMonk

by Brendan Dawes

10 months ago

4. Etude sonic visualisation

by Brendan Dawes

10 months ago

3. Play-Doh as Interface

by Brendan Dawes

1 year ago

2. Browsebox - visual album browser for Squeezebox

by Brendan Dawes

1 year ago

1. Cannon Ball

by Brendan Dawes

2 years ago

var brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar = false; window.addEvent('domready', function() { brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar = new SWFObject( '/assets/flash/scrolly.swf', 'brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_swf', '12', '100%', '1', '#ffffff' ); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('content_id', 'brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('content_height', $('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll').getSize().size.y + -10); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('bg_click_offset', 10); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('snap_to', 0); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('rollover', '00adef'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('rollout', '5F5F58'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('bg', 'ffffff'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('bg_lines', 'CFCEC3'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('on_scroll_top', 'scrolly_browse_top'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('on_scroll_bottom', 'scrolly_browse_bottom'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('on_scroll_near_top', 'scrolly_browse_top'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('on_scroll_near_bottom', 'scrolly_browse_bottom'); var start_pos_el = $('brozar_current_clip'); if( start_pos_el ) { var start_pos = scroll_bar_el_position('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll', 'brozar_current_clip'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addVariable('start_position', start_pos + -85); $('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_window').scrollTop = start_pos + -85; } brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addParam("allowScriptAccess", "always"); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addParam('scaleMode', 'showAll'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.addParam('quality', 'medium'); brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar.write('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_bar'); $('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_area').addEvent('mousewheel', function(event){ event = new Event(event); event.stop(); if (event.wheel > 0) { document.getElementById('brozar48ccf13bd06cf_more_scroll_swf').mousewheelUp(); } else if (event.wheel

Showing the basics of the DoodleBuzz.com interface. More to come..

yogurt2

rockyen — Mon, 08 Sep 2008 02:31:40 CDT

REVIEW ARTICLE

Yogurt and gut function1,2

Oskar Adolfsson, Simin Nikbin Meydani and Robert M Russell 1 From the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston 2 Address reprint requests to SN Meydani, Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111. E-mail: simin.meydani{at}tufts.edu.
ABSTRACT

TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR...
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF...
SAFETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND...
REFERENCES

In recent years, numerous studies have been published on the health effects of yogurt and the bacterial cultures used in the production of yogurt. In the United States, these lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) include Lactobacillus and Streptococcus species. The benefits of yogurt and LAB on gastrointestinal health have been investigated in animal models and, occasionally, in human subjects. Some studies using yogurt, individual LAB species, or both showed promising health benefits for certain gastrointestinal conditions, including lactose intolerance, constipation, diarrheal diseases, colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, and allergies. Patients with any of these conditions could possibly benefit from the consumption of yogurt. The benefits of yogurt consumption to gastrointestinal function are most likely due to effects mediated through the gut microflora, bowel transit, and enhancement of gastrointestinal innate and adaptive immune responses. Although substantial evidence currently exists to support a beneficial effect of yogurt consumption on gastrointestinal health, there is inconsistency in reported results, which may be due to differences in the strains of LAB used, in routes of administration, or in investigational procedures or to the lack of objective definition of "gut health." Further well-designed, controlled human studies of adequate duration are needed to confirm or extend these findings. Key Words: Yogurt • gut function • gut immunity • gastrointestinal diseases • gut microflora
INTRODUCTION

TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR...
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF...
SAFETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND...
REFERENCES

Components of the human intestinal microflora and of the food entering the intestine may have harmful or beneficial effects on human health. Abundant evidence implies that specific bacterial species used for the fermentation of dairy products such as yogurt and selected from the healthy gut microflora have powerful antipathogenic and antiinflammatory properties. These microorganisms are therefore involved with enhanced resistance to colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, which has led to the introduction of novel modes of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions based on the consumption of monocultures and mixed cultures of beneficial live microorganisms as "probiotics." Probiotics are defined as "living microorganisms, which on ingestion in sufficient numbers, exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition" (1). Yogurt is one of the best-known of the foods that contain probiotics. Yogurt is defined by the Codex Alimentarius of 1992 as a coagulated milk product that results from the fermentation of lactic acid in milk by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (2). Other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species are now frequently used to give the final product unique characteristics. As starter cultures for yogurt production, LAB species display symbiotic relations during their growth in milk medium (3). Thus, a carefully selected mixture of LAB species is used to complement each other and to achieve a remarkable efficiency in acid production. Furthermore, to increase the number of LAB that survive the low pH and high acidity of the gastrointestinal environment, some LAB species that are indigenous to the human intestine have been used in yogurt production. To meet the National Yogurt Association's criteria for "live and active culture yogurt," the finished yogurt product must contain live LAB in amounts 108 organisms/g at the time of manufacture (3), and the cultures must remain active at the end of the stated shelf life, as ascertained with the use of a specific activity test. In many modern societies, fermented dairy products make up a substantial proportion of the total daily food consumption. Furthermore, it has long been believed that consuming yogurt and other fermented milk products provides various health benefits (4). Studies from the 1990s on the possible health properties of yogurt added to this belief (1, 5). Probiotic therapy is based on the notion that there is such a thing as a "normal" healthy microflora, but normal healthy microflora has not been defined except perhaps as microflora without a pathogenic bacterial overgrowth. The development of novel means of characterizing and modifying the gut microflora has opened up new perspectives on the role of the gut microflora in health and disease. Numerous studies suggested beneficial therapeutic effects of LAB on gut health. However, results have been inconsistent, which may be due to differences in the strains of LAB, routes of administration, and investigational procedures used in these studies. Several LAB species are currently used in the production of yogurt. This review focuses on the current evidence suggesting that yogurt and specific LAB species that are used for the fermentation of milk may or may not have valuable health-promoting properties or therapeutic effects on various gastrointestinal functions and diseases.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT

TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR...
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF...
SAFETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND...
REFERENCES

The nutrient composition of yogurt is based on the nutrient composition of the milk from which it is derived, which is affected by many factors, such as genetic and individual mammalian differences, feed, stage of lactation, age, and environmental factors such as the season of the year. Other variables that play a role during processing of milk, including temperature, duration of heat exposure, exposure to light, and storage conditions, also affect the nutritional value of the final product. In addition, the changes in milk constituents that occur during lactic acid fermentation influence the nutritional and physiologic value of the finished yogurt product. The final nutritional composition of yogurt is also affected by the species and strains of bacteria used in the fermentation, the source and type of milk solids that may be added before fermentation, and the temperature and duration of the fermentation process. B vitamins
Dairy products have generally been considered an excellent source of high-quality protein, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 (6). A much greater loss of vitamins than of minerals may occur during the processing of yogurt because vitamins are more sensitive to changes in environmental factors than are minerals. Some of the factors that are important during the processing of milk and that are known to have adverse effects on the vitamin content of dairy products in general include heat treatment and pasteurization, ultrafiltration, agitation, and oxidative conditions. In addition, bacterial cultures used during the fermentation process of yogurt can influence the vitamin content of the final product (6). LAB species do require B vitamins for growth, but some cultures are capable of synthesizing B vitamins (6). An example of a B vitamin that is utilized by LAB is vitamin B-12 (7, 8). Vitamins required for the growth of LAB cultures vary from one strain to another. Significant losses of vitamin B-12 can be corrected by the careful use of supplementary LAB cultures that are capable of synthesizing vitamin B-12 (9). Folate is the best example of a B vitamin that some LAB species synthesize (10, 11). Depending on the bacterial strains used, the folate content of yogurt can vary widely, ranging from 4 to 19 µg/100 g (8). The major form of folate present in milk is 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (12). In a recent study, bacterial isolates from various species used for milk fermentation and yogurt production were examined for their ability to synthesize or utilize folate (11). S. thermophilus and Bifidobacteria were folate producers, whereas Lactobacilli depleted folate from the milk media. A combination of folate-producing cultures resulted in even greater folate content of the final fermented product. Further studies on the effect of changes in the vitamin B content of milk on fermentation would be of great practical significance. Lactose
Dairy products and foods prepared with the use of dairy ingredients are an exclusive source of the disaccharide lactose in human diets. Before absorption, lactose is hydrolyzed by the intestinal brush border ß-galactosidase (lactase) into glucose and galactose. These monosaccharides are absorbed and used as energy sources. Before fermentation, the lactose content of the yogurt mix generally is 6% (3). One example of a significant bacteria-induced change that occurs during the fermentation process is the hydrolysis of 20-30% of the disaccharide lactose to its absorbable monosaccharide components, glucose and galactose (2). In addition, a portion of the glucose is converted to lactic acid. Depending on other ingredients added, this hydrolysis results in lower lactose concentrations in yogurt than in milk, which in part explains why yogurt is tolerated better than milk by persons with lactose maldigestion (13-15). However, other factors also seem to play a role. For example, lactose-intolerant subjects exhibited better tolerance for yogurt with a relatively high amount of lactose than for milk containing a similar amount of lactose (13, 15). In another example, bacteria present in yogurt, such as L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus, expressed functional lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose (16). This expression may also contribute to better tolerance of lactose in yogurt than of lactose in milk by persons with lactose maldigestion (15). Protein
The protein content of commercial yogurt is generally higher than that of milk because of the addition of nonfat dry milk during processing and concentration, which increases the protein content of the final product. It has been argued that protein from yogurt is more easily digested than is protein from milk, as bacterial predigestion of milk proteins in yogurt may occur (8, 17). This argument is supported by evidence of a higher content of free amino acids, especially proline and glycine, in yogurt than in milk. The activity of proteolytic enzymes and peptidases is preserved throughout the shelf life of the yogurt. Thus, the concentration of free amino groups increases up to twofold during the first 24 h and then doubles again during the next 21 d of storage at 7 °C (18). Some bacterial cultures have been shown to have more proteolytic activity than do others. For example, L. bulgaricus was shown to have a much higher proteolytic activity during milk fermentation and storage than does S. thermophilus, as indicated by elevated concentrations of peptides and free amino acids after milk fermentation (19). During fermentation, both heat treatment and acid production result in finer coagulation of casein, which may also contribute to the greater protein digestibility of yogurt than of milk. Proteins in yogurt are of excellent biological quality, as are those in milk, because the nutritional value of milk proteins is well preserved during the fermentation process (20). Both the caseins and the whey proteins in yogurt are rich sources of all the essential amino acids, and the intestinal availability of nitrogen has been reported as being high (93%; 21, 22). Labeling of milk proteins with the stable isotope 15N has made it possible to discriminate between exogenous and endogenous nitrogen fractions in serum after ingestion of 15N-labeled milk or 15N-labeled yogurt proteins. In a study of human subjects, Gaudichon et al (23) found that proteins from both milk and yogurt were rapidly hydrolyzed after ingestion, but the gastroduodenal transfer of dietary nitrogen was slower when yogurt was fed than when milk was fed. Lipids
Milk fat also goes through biochemical changes during the fermentation process. Minor amounts of free fatty acids are released as a result of lipase activity (3). Because most of the yogurt sold in the United States is of the low-fat and nonfat varieties, hydrolysis of lipids contributes little to the attributes of most yogurt products. However, yogurt has been shown to have a higher concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a long-chain biohydrogenated derivative of linoleic acid, than does the milk from which the yogurt was processed (24). A fermented dairy product from India, referred to as dahi, has also been shown to have higher CLA content than does nonfermented dahi (25). The major sources of CLA in our diets are animal products from ruminants, in which CLA is synthesized by rumen bacteria. Increased consumption of dairy fat was shown to be associated with increased concentrations of CLA in both human adipose tissue (26) and human milk (27). It was hypothesized that biohydrogenation also occurs during fermentation of milk and results in higher concentrations of CLA in the final product (28). CLA was reported to have immunostimulatory and anticarcinogenic properties (29). In a recent study of breast and colon cancer cells, Kemp et al (30) showed that the anticarcinogenic properties of CLA may be due to the ability of some CLA isomers to inhibit the expression of cyclins and thus halt the progression of the cell cycle from G1 to S phase. In addition, CLA induced the expression of the tumor suppressor p53. Minerals
In addition to being a good source of protein, yogurt is an excellent source of calcium and phosphorus. In fact, dairy products such as milk, yogurt, and cheese provide most of the highly bioavailable calcium in the typical Western diet. Because of the lower pH of yogurt compared with that of milk, calcium and magnesium are present in yogurt mostly in their ionic forms. One of the major functions of calcium is the role it plays in bone formation and mineralization. The calcium requirements during growth, pregnancy, and lactation are increased. However, the average calcium intake of women of childbearing age is consistently less than is recommended (31). In addition, calcium intake of women tends to fall even lower during the postmenopausal years (32). This is especially important for postmenopausal women, who are at increased risk of bone loss and osteoporosis. Dietary fiber has an adverse effect on calcium absorption, whereas lactose may enhance the absorption of calcium (33). In the rat model, calcium retention was greater with consumption of a diet in which lactose made up half the total carbohydrates ingested than with consumption of the control diet (34). Schaafsma et al (35), investigating the effect of dairy products on mineral absorption by using rat models, reported that lactose enhances the absorption of calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Because yogurt has a lactose content lower than that of milk, the bioavailability of these minerals may be negatively affected, although the effect is likely to be small. The acidic pH of yogurt ionizes calcium and thus facilitates intestinal calcium uptake (36). The low pH of yogurt also may reduce the inhibitory effect of dietary phytic acid on calcium bioavailability. Vitamin D plays a major regulatory role in intestinal calcium absorption. The active, saturable, transcellular route of calcium absorption in the duodenum and proximal jejunum requires calbindin-D, a vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (37). In the United States, milk and infant formula are fortified with vitamin D, and hence they serve as good dietary sources, with 2.5 µg (100 IU) vitamin D/237-mL serving. However, other dairy products, such as yogurt, typically are not fortified with vitamin D. Few studies have investigated the effect of yogurt-derived calcium on bone mineralization in animals (34, 38). Kaup et al (34) reported that yogurt-fed rats showed greater bone mineralization than did rats fed a diet containing calcium carbonate. These studies may suggest that the bioavailability of calcium in yogurt is greater and yogurt may increase bone mineralization more than do nonfermented milk products. However, there are currently no published studies that show a superior effect of yogurt on bone mineralization in human subjects.
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF YOGURT ON GUT FUNCTION AND HEALTH

TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR...
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF...
SAFETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND...
REFERENCES

It has been suggested that yogurt and LAB contribute to several facets of gastrointestinal health: the makeup of the gastrointestinal flora, the immune response, and laxation. Gut microflora
Lactobacilli are among the components of microbial flora in both the small and large intestines. The ability of nonpathogenic intestinal microflora, such as LAB, to associate with and bind to the intestinal brush border tissue is thought to be an important attribute that prevents harmful pathogens from accessing the gastrointestinal mucosa (39). For LAB to have an effect, they must adapt to the host intestinal environment and be capable of prolonged survival in the intestinal tract (40-43). LAB survival is influenced by gastric pH as well as by exposure to digestive enzymes and bile salts (42), and LAB species differ in their ability to survive in the gastrointestinal environment (43). When 4 strains of Bifidobacterium (B. infantis, B. bifidum, B. adolescentis, and B. longum) were compared, B. longum was the most resistant to the effects of gastric acid (44). Bifidobacterium animalis was reported to have a high survival rate during intestinal transit in human subjects (45). The effect of feeding yogurt fermented with S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus casei on the fecal microflora of healthy infants aged 10-18 mo was investigated by Guerin-Danan et al (46). Whereas the number of infants with fecal Lactobacillus increased after the feeding, the total numbers of anaerobes, Bifidobacteria, bacteroides, and enterobacteria were not affected by yogurt intake. In a group of elderly patients with atrophic gastritis and hypochlorhydria, Lactobacillus gasseri survived passage through the gastrointestinal tract, but S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus were not recovered (43). Bifidobacterium sp has also been shown to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract: fecal concentrations were detectable for 8 d after the cessation of intake (47). Another important factor that limits the survival of lactobacilli within the upper gastrointestinal tract is the inherent ability of the organisms to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells (42). With the use of scanning electron microscopy, Plant and Conway (48) screened 16 strains of Lactobacillus for their capacity to associate with Peyer's patches and the lymphoid villous intestinal tissues in mice. Two of the 16 strains investigated, Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. bulgaricus, are of interest because they relate to yogurt. It was found, in both in vitro and in vivo models using BALB/c mice, that L. bulgaricus did not associate with Peyer's patches or with the lymphoid villous intestinal tissues. L. acidophilus had a low degree of association with Peyer's patches and no association to the lymphoid villous intestinal tissue. Nevertheless, the authors stated that the strains of Lactobacillus tested showed high rates of survival when Lactobacillus was administered orally. The ability of LAB to decrease the gastrointestinal invasion of pathogenic bacteria has also been described (39, 49). Bernet et al (39) reported a dose-dependent L. acidophilus-mediated inhibition of the adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to the enterocyte cell-line Caco-2. In addition, L. acidophilus inhibited the entry of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis into Caco-2 cells. In another report (49), the same authors described similar inhibitory effects when 2 different strains of Bifidobacteria (B. breve and B. infantis) were used. In addition, long-term feeding of yogurt does not result in a significant change in the results of breath-hydrogen tests, which indicates the absence of a significant change in the intestinal survival of the yogurt organisms (50). Furthermore, it is possible that the ability of LAB to compete with pathogens for adhesion to the intestinal wall is influenced by their membrane fluidity. This possibility was suggested by studies indicating that the type and quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the extracellular milieu influence the adhesive properties of LAB to the epithelium (51, 52). Gut-associated immune response
The mucosal lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role as a first line of defense against ingested pathogens. The interactions of LAB with the mucosal epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as with the lymphoid cells residing in the gut, have been suggested as the most important mechanism by which LAB enhances gut immune function. Several factors have been identified as contributing to the immunomodulating and antimicrobial activities of LAB, including the production of low pH, organic acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, ethanol, and diacetyl; the depletion of nutrients; and competition for available living space (1, 5, 53). The gastrointestinal tract is a complex immune system tissue. The main site of the mucosal immune system in the gut is referred to as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which can be divided into inductive and effector sites. In the small intestine, the inductive sites are in the Peyer's patches, which consist of large lymphoid follicles in the terminal small intestine. The best-defined effector component of the mucosal adaptive immune system is secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). sIgA is the main immunoglobulin of the humoral immune response, which together with the innate mucosal defenses provides protection against microbial antigens at the intestinal mucosal surface (54). In a healthy person, sIgA inhibits the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, as well as the mucosal penetration of pathogenic antigens. At least 80% of all the body's plasma cells, the source of sIgA, are located in the intestinal lamina propria throughout the length of the small intestine. IgA is the most abundantly produced immunoglobulin in the human body. The production of intestinal sIgA requires the presence of commensal microflora (55), which indicates that the production of intestinal sIgA is induced in response to antigenic stimulation. It is not yet clear, however, how lamina propria B cells are activated to become IgA-secreting plasma cells or how the intestinal microflora influence this process. Most studies on the effect of fermented milk or specific LAB on gut immune function have centered on their immune adjuvant effects in the gut. The ability of LAB to modulate IgA concentrations in the gut has also been the subject of several studies. Orally administered L. acidophilus and L. casei and the feeding of yogurt increased both IgA production and the number of cells secreting IgA in the small intestine of mice in a dose-dependent manner (5). Similarly, a report by Puri et al (56) indicated that S. typhimurium-induced serum IgA concentrations were significantly higher in mice fed yogurt over a period of 4 wk than in milk-fed control mice. This report suggests that the IgA secreted by the challenged intestinal B cells enters the circulation and increases the concentrations of IgA in the serum. Thus the IgA-enhancing effect of yogurt intake may have both an effect on the gut and a systemic effect. The same study also showed that intestinal lymphocytes from mice fed yogurt had a higher mitogen-induced proliferative response after a challenge with S. typhimurium than did those from control-fed mice. In a study using human subjects, Link-Amster et al (57) showed that the specific anti-IgA titer to S. typhimurium was 4 times greater in subjects fed fermented milk containing L. acidophilus than in control subjects fed diets without fermented milk. Total sIgA concentrations also increased in subjects fed fermented milk. Macrophages play an important role as a part of the innate immune response in the gut, and they represent one of the first lines of nonspecific defense against bacterial invasion. The effects of feeding milk fermented with either L. casei or L. acidophilus or both on the specific and nonspecific host defense mechanisms in Swiss mice were investigated by Perdigon et al (58). They showed that feeding milk fermented with L. casei, L. acidophilus, or both for 8 d increased the in vitro and in vivo phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and the production of antibodies to sheep red blood cells. The activation of the immune system began on day 3, peaked on day 5, and decreased somewhat on day 8 of feeding. Phagocytic activity was further boosted in mice given a single dose of fermented milk on day 11 of feeding. Modulation of cytokine production by yogurt and LAB has also been the focus of several studies. In addition to interleukin (IL)-1ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) , which are mainly produced by macrophages, T lymphocytes are the source of most cytokines investigated in those reports. T cells are frequently classified into 2 categories—type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) helper T cells. On activation, these cells produce 2 diverse patterns of cytokines (59). Th1 cells are the main producers of interferon- (IFN- ) and IL-2, and Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. The Th1 cytokines boost cell-mediated immunity, and the Th2 cytokines augment humoral immunity. IFN- plays a critical role in the induction of other cytokines and in mediation of macrophage and natural killer cell activation. Several reports indicated that consumption of yogurt or intake of LAB by themselves modulates the production of several cytokines, such as IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN- , and TNF- (60-63). Moreover, the production of IFN- in an in vitro culture system using human lymphocytes was reported to be greater with cultures in the presence of LAB (L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus) than with those without LAB (64). Yogurt containing live L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus was also reported to augment IFN- production by purified T cells from young adults after 4 mo feeding (62). Effects of yogurt consumption on the modulation of cytokine production in the human gastrointestinal tract, whether by cells of the GALT or by others, have not been investigated. These types of studies, although feasible with the use of biopsy samples from the intestines of healthy subjects (65), are difficult to carry out, and good animal models currently do not exist. Even though cytokines play diverse roles in regulating immune functions, some cytokines, eg, IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF- , have been given more attention than others because they have traditionally been classified as proinflammatory and as such are known to be associated with inflammatory conditions such as Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis (66). Another diverse family of immune modulators that play important roles in the health of the gastrointestinal tract consists of chemokines and their receptors (67). Currently, only limited data have been published on the effect of yogurt or its components on chemokine modulation in the gastrointestinal tract. The effects of different strains of Lactobacillus on chemokine production by the intestinal epithelial cell-line, HT-29, were investigated by Wallace et al (68). All 3 LAB species investigated—L. acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii—had suppressive effects on the production of 2 chemokines, RANTES (a member of the IL-8 superfamily of cytokines) and IL-8, by activated HT-29 cells. As is the case with proinflammatory cytokines, these chemokines are necessary for normal immune function. However, a high production of these chemokines during an inflammatory condition is believed to exacerbate the inflammatory response. Laxation
Few reports have discussed the effects of yogurt and LAB on laxation. In the studies published, however, both significant effects (G Wilhelm, unpublished observations, 1993; 69) and no effects (70) of yogurt or LAB on laxation and gastrointestinal transit time were described. Strandhagen et al (69) reported that the transit time for 50% (t50) of gastric content was significantly greater for ropy milk, an L. bulgaricus - and S. thermophilus-fermented milk product indigenous to Sweden, than for unfermented milk. Another study showed that milk fermented with L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus reduced intestinal transit time in human subjects with habitual constipation (G Wilhelm, unpublished observations, 1993). In the same study, subjects consuming fermented milk also had improved bowel function. The number of defecations increased from 3/wk during a control period to 7/wk when fermented milk was consumed. When milk fermented with L. acidophilus was consumed, the number of defecations increased further to 15/wk. Studies were conducted of the effects of a commercially available yogurt fermented with B. animalis on orofecal gut transit time (71, 72). In a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, B. animalis reduced the colonic transit time in a group of healthy women aged 18-45 y (72). Likewise, in a group of elderly subjects experiencing lengthy orofecal gut transit time but otherwise free of any gastrointestinal pathology, B. animalis intake provided led to a significant reduction in transit time (71). Thus, the effect of LAB ingestion on orofecal gut transit time appears to be dependent on the bacterial strain used and the population being studied.
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR...
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF...
SAFETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND...
REFERENCES

Lactase deficiency and lactose maldigestion
Lactase deficiency among adults is the most common of all known enzyme deficiencies. More than half of the world's adult population is lactose intolerant. In developmental terms, this may not necessarily be considered abnormal, because humans are the only known mammal in whom lactase activity in the small intestine is sustained after weaning. In the case of lactose maldigestion, undigested lactose remains in the intestinal lumen, and, as it reaches the colon, it is fermented by colonic bacteria. Byproducts of this process include short-chain fatty acids such as lactate, butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These fatty acids associate with electrolytes and lead to an osmotic load that can induce diarrhea. Furthermore, fermentation of lactose by colonic bacteria produces methane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. These gases may stay in the lumen and eventually will both be excreted as flatus, diffusing into the circulation, and be exhaled via the lungs. Exhaled hydrogen after a lactose load has been used as an indirect but measurable indicator of lactose maldigestion. In addition to lactose, some sources of dietary fiber and other unabsorbed carbohydrates can serve as substrates for colonic fermentation that results in increased hydrogen production. Inability to digest lactose varies widely among ethnic and geographic populations (73, 74). In the United States, the prevalence of primary lactose intolerance in adults is 53% among Mexican Americans, 75% among African Americans, and 15% among whites. The prevalence among adults in South America and Africa is >50% and that in some Asian countries is close to 100%. Lactose intolerance varies greatly between European countries, from 2% prevalence in Scandinavian adults to 70% among Southern Italian adults (74). Lactose maldigestion may develop secondary to inflammation or as a result of functional loss of the small intestinal mucosa (14), which can result from conditions such as Crohn disease, celiac sprue, short bowel syndrome, or bacterial and parasitic infections. In addition, lactose maldigestion may develop as a consequence of severe protein calorie malnutrition. The disorder is clinically expressed by symptoms of abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and flatulence after milk ingestion. However, most persons who have symptoms of lactose intolerance can endure small amounts (2-10 g) of lactose in a meal without becoming symptomatic (14). It is well known that, for many lactose-intolerant people, fermented milk products are better accepted than are unfermented milk products. There may be more than one reason for this. During fermentation of milk, lactose is partially hydrolyzed, which results in a lower lactose content in yogurt than in milk (2). However, this reduction in lactose may not be significant, because milk solids are usually added during processing. The greater tolerance of lactose from yogurt than of that from milk among lactose-intolerant subjects may be due to the endogenous lactase activity of yogurt organisms (13, 15, 75). Kolars et al (15) used a series of breath hydrogen tests as well as a subjective assessment to ascertain whether subjects who were identified as lactose-intolerant digested and absorbed lactose in yogurt better than they digested and absorbed lactose in milk. The area under the curve for breath hydrogen was smaller after yogurt consumption than after consumption of milk or lactose in water, which indicates better digestion and absorption of lactose from yogurt than of that from either milk or lactose in water. Subjective assessment by the subjects in the study of Kolars et al also indicated that lactose in yogurt was better tolerated than the same amount of lactose from milk or in water. Using breath hydrogen measurement, Savaiano et al (75) investigated the effects of 3 varieties of cultured milk products on the digestion of lactose by 9 lactase-deficient human subjects. When yogurt, cultured milk (buttermilk), and sweet acidophilus milk were compared, yogurt had the most beneficial effect on lactose digestion in these subjects. Lactase activity and the number of surviving LAB were significantly reduced when the yogurt was pasteurized. The enzyme activity of lactase is generally stable in response to environmental factors. For example, it was shown that the lactase activity of yogurt was preserved and even increased when the yogurt was subjected to an environment that simulated the temperature and low pH values of the gut (15). As suggested by the authors, this study supports the notion that lactose in yogurt is autohydrolyzed once it is in the jejunal environment. Other studies reported that lactase activity is less stable in response to acidic environment. Pochart et al (76) reported that lactase activity in yogurt decreased by >80% at a pH of 5.0 in an in vitro model. However, heating yogurt does significantly decrease lactase activity, which indicates that yogurt that has been heat treated is not as beneficial for lactose-intolerant persons is yogurt containing live and active cultures. Thus, there is a growing body of evidence that yogurt containing live and active cultures is better tolerated by lactose malabsorbers than are heat-treated fermented milks (50). During the fermentation process, the amount of lactose present in yogurt is reduced. The lactose content also varies with the duration of storage after fermentation. In addition, the bacterial lactase activity corresponds with the survival time of lactobacilli after ingestion. The enhanced digestion of lactose is explained partly by the improved lactase activity after yogurt ingestion and partly by other enzymatic functions, such as the activity of the lactose transport system (permease) that allows lactose to enter the probiotic cell (77, 78). Furthermore, animal studies have suggested that LAB may induce lactase activity of the gut intestinal endothelial cells (79). A study by Martini et al (80) supports the microbial mediation of lactase activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Those authors showed that lactase activity in yogurt was stable at pH 4.0, but that microbial cell disruption resulted in 80% loss of lactase activity and a twofold increase in lactose malabsorption in a group of lactose maldigesters. Although the organisms that make up the live cultures in yogurt are recognized as having functional lactase activity and as contributing to the digestion of lactose, their survival in the gastrointestinal tract is short. On average, significant numbers survive for <1 h after ingestion (15, 50). Regardless of this somewhat limited survival time, the beneficial effect of LAB on lactose digestion in those suffering from lactose intolerance is now widely accepted. Diarrheal diseases
Diarrhea is a common problem among children worldwide and has been reported to contribute substantially to pediatric physician visits and hospitalizations in the United States (81). Since the early 20th century, it has been hypothesized that live bacterial cultures, such as those used for the fermentation of dairy products, may offer benefits in preventing and treating diarrhea (4). A recent meta-analysis of randomized, controlled studies by Van Neil et al (82) found that therapy using Lactobacillus strains offered a safe and effective means of treating acute infectious diarrhea in children. Both the duration and frequency of diarrheal episodes were reduced when compared with those in control subjects. The benefit of Lactobacillus therapy was seen in diarrheal diseases caused by various pathogens. The effect of supplementing formula with B. bifidum and S. thermophilus on preventing the onset of acute viral diarrhea in infants was examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (83). The infants receiving bacterial therapy developed diarrhea and shed rotavirus less than did the infants fed the control formula. Evidence of the beneficial effect of LAB on the occurrence of diarrhea of bacterial origin is more contradictory because both benefits (84, 85) and no effects (86, 87) of feeding LAB were reported. Several studies investigated the effects of probiotic bacteria on diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics. The most likely cause of diarrhea associated with antibiotic use is the negative influence of antibiotics on the bacterial steady state of the intestines (88). Most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea are mild, and they end shortly after antibiotic therapy is discontinued. A less common but more serious type of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is due to antibiotic-mediated overgrowth of pathogenic bacterial species such as Clostridium difficile that is associated with pseudomembranous colitis (89). A recent meta-analysis evaluated the ability of several different probiotic LAB species to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea (90). Of the 9 studies that were included in the analysis, 4 used Lactobacilli strains or a combination of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria (91-94). Of those 4 studies, 2 showed a significant benefit of probiotic use in comparison with placebo (93, 94). The authors concluded that probiotic bacteria supplied in capsules or as yogurt-based products may be useful in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, none of these studies provide evidence for a role of probiotic bacteria in the treatment of such diarrhea. The mechanisms by which LAB may provide a beneficial effect against some forms of diarrheal disease are unknown. It has been suggested that the beneficial effect may stem from the ability of LAB to reestablish the intestinal microflora, to increase the intestinal barrier by competing with pathogenic bacteria for adhesion to the enterocytes, or to increase mucosal IgA response to pathogens. Colon cancer
According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer of the colon is the second leading cancer diagnosis among both women and men in the United States (95). Colon cancer is also the second most common cause of cancer death. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include both genetic and environmental factors, and several reports have suggested that interactions between dietary factors, colonic epithelium, and intestinal flora are central to the development of colon cancer. The role of diet in the etiology of cancer has been given greater attention in recent years. Although the relation between colon cancer and certain food constituents, such as fiber and fat, generated the most interest, the possibility that fermented dairy products may protect against tumor formation in the colon was also investigated. Epidemiologic evidence suggests a negative correlation between the incidence of certain cancers, including colon cancer, and the intake of fermented dairy products (96). Moreover, fermented dairy products or the bacteria used for milk fermentation were shown to have an effect on colon cancer and certain other tumors in murine models of carcinogenesis (97-100). However, a number of animal studies investigating the effect of various strains of LAB on colon carcinogenesis showed inconsistent results. Wollowski et al (100) investigated the protective effect of several strains of LAB, traditionally used for milk fermentation, against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Oral treatment with L. bulgaricus for 4 d protected against DMH-induced DNA damage in the colon. In contrast, there was no protective effect when S. thermophilus was administered. The authors did not ascertain the mechanisms of protection by L. bulgaricus, but they speculated that thiol-containing breakdown products of proteins that result from the proteolytic activity of L. bulgaricus may have produced the effect. In a previous study using a similar DMH-induced colon cancer model in rats, Shackelford et al (99) showed that milk fermented with L. bulgaricus resulted in greater survival than did nonfermented milk. However, in contrast to the findings of Wollowski et al (100), L. bulgaricus-fermented milk did not reduce the number of rats that developed colon tumors, whereas S. thermophilus-fermented milk did do so (99). In a study using azoxymethane to induce aberrant crypt foci in the colon of rats, no significant effects were seen with either B. longum or L. casei (101). Those authors did, however, observe a protective effect of L. acidophilus and inulin, but only when the total fat content of the diet was increased. Using a colon carcinoma cell culture system, Ganjam et al (102) isolated a yogurt fraction that decreased cell proliferation, as ascertained with the use of thymidine incorporation. Cell proliferation was not inhibited in response to a similarly isolated milk fraction or to lactic acid. Elevated activity of several bacterial fecal enzymes, some of which are involved in the metabolism of genotoxic nitrates, was associated with an increased risk of colon cancer (103, 104). The activity of these enzymes can be altered by diet or antibiotic intake (10, 105). L. acidophilus (106) and L. gasseri (43) were shown to reduce the fecal enzyme activity of nitroreductase, azoreductase, and ß-glucuronidase in humans, with a reduction by 50% or 75% in the activities of these enzymes during a period of Lactobacilli feeding. Likewise, Guerin-Danan et al (46) reported that 10-18-mo-old infants fed yogurt fermented with S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and L. casei had lower fecal ß-glucuronidase activity than did a similar group of infants fed milk or yogurt not fermented with L. casei. The mechanism by which LAB may have an effect on colon carcinogenesis is currently unknown. Some of the mechanisms that may be involved include enhancement of the host's gut immune response, suppression of harmful intestinal bacteria, sequestration of potential mutagens, production of antimutagenic compounds, reduction of pH concentrations in the colon, and alteration of other physiologic conditions (107). Furthermore, it was shown by Pedrosa et al (43) that the feeding of yogurt or Lactobacillus reduced fecal enzymes, which convert procarcinogens to carcinogens, such as azoreductase and nitroreductase. Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used for certain chronic immune-mediated conditions of the intestinal tract. These chronic diseases include Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, conditions that have comparable symptoms but that affect the digestive tract in very different ways (66). Ulcerative colitis involves inflammation of the colon and rectum and not that of the upper gastrointestinal tract, whereas Crohn disease can affect the upper intestinal digestive tract and thus can lead to malabsorption of both macronutrients and micronutrients. The etiologies of these diseases are unknown, but studies suggest that the intestinal microflora play a crucial pathogenic role (108). This notion is supported by animal models of Crohn disease, in which the presence of intestinal microflora is absolutely required for the development of disease. Proinflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF- , have also been recognized as playing a central role in the pathogenesis of Crohn disease. However, despite earlier hopes, the results from studies using TNF- antagonists were disappointing, and there were some reports of severe complications (109). Nevertheless, reducing the production or effect of TNF- (or both) in Crohn disease patients is belived to be beneficial. Bourrel et al (63) reported that, when inflamed intestinal mucosa from a group of Crohn's disease patients was cocultured in the presence of L. casei or L. bulgaricus, expression and release of TNF- by intraepithelial lymphocytes were reduced. Normally, a healthy mucosal barrier provides a first defense mechanism against both the intestinal microflora and invading pathogens. It has been suggested that the proportions of different intestinal microflora are altered in patients with IBD. For example, colonic biopsy specimens have shown lower concentrations of Lactobacillus and lower fecal concentrations of both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in patients with Crohn disease than in healthy subjects (110). This disturbance in intestinal flora may increase the opportunity for colonization of pathogens and bring about a subsequent proinflammatory response. In the case of IBD, a defective mucosal barrier allows for increased uptake of antigens and proinflammatory mediators originating from luminal bacteria. It has been reported that patients with IBD have diminished mucosal protection as a result of changes in the composition and thickness of the mucosal layer and alterations in the glycosylation status of mucosal glycoproteins (111). These changes in the intestinal mucosa are also associated with decreased intestinal IgA activity and increased IgG activity, which coincides with reduced state of protection and a proinflammatory condition. With weakened mucosal barrier and thereby increased adherence of bacterial pathogens to the mucosa, sustained inflammation results, and that leads to further damage to the gut mucosa. In recent years, immunosuppressive and immunomodulating therapies, such as the steroids used since the 1960s, have become more and more frequent in the treatment of these conditions. Although efficacious, these types of drugs can increase the prevalence of opportunistic infections as well as the severity of any underlying infection that may be present (112). Other side effects of these treatments may include hepatotoxicity, fibrosis, lymphoma, and pathologic suppression of bone marrow function. The role of beneficial intestinal microflora in the prevention of intestinal inflammation was investigated by using gene-targeted IL-10 knockout (IL-10–/–) mice (113, 114). These IL-10-deficient mice spontaneously develop ileocolitis with many similarities to Crohn disease in humans. Furthermore, affected mice respond favorably to immunosuppression or immunomodulatory drugs that are similar to those used to treat human IBD. The immunoregulatory activity of IL-10 has been studied extensively. It is now well established that IL-10 plays a role in down-regulating both the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and the presentation of antigens. Thus, IL-10 has been suggested for use as an immunomodulator for the treatment of Crohn disease. Targeted in vivo delivery of IL-10 to the affected intestinal epithelium by using genetically engineered Lactococcus lactis has shown great promise in 2 mouse models of IBD (114). Madsen et al (113) found that IL-10–/– mice had increased adherence of luminal bacteria to the mucosal layer in the colon that preceded the development of colitis. This occurred in parallel to decreased numbers of luminal Lactobacillus. When the concentrations of Lactobacillus in the gastrointestinal lumen were restored by rectal delivery of Lactobacillus reuteri or by oral lactulose therapy, colitis was attenuated. The concentrations of adherent and translocated bacteria in the mucosal wall also were reduced. Another benefit of LAB in Crohn disease may be due to the stimulation of the IgA response. A report by Malin et al (115) suggests that oral bacteriotherapy using L. casei can restore antigen-specific IgA immune response in persons with Crohn disease. In a previous study from the same laboratory (116), oral administration of L. casei to patients with viral gastroenteritis promoted antigen-specific IgA responses and shortened the patient diarrhea. Although experimental evidence exists indicating beneficial effects of LAB on Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, the exact mechanism through which LAB species antagonize the progression of these diseases is poorly understood. The exact etiology of IBD is also unknown, but it is likely that, in susceptible persons, IBD results from an ongoing inflammatory response, which may be due to a defect in both the regulation of the mucosal proinflammatory response and the function of the intestinal epithelium. Currently, evidence suggests that yogurt and LAB have modest clinical benefits and are safe for use in patients with these conditions. Further studies are required to ascertain whether yogurt is beneficial as a prophylactic or a therapeutic regimen for IBD (or both) and to establish exactly which mechanisms are involved. Helicobacter pylori
It has only been 20 y since Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that is found in the gastric mucous layer or adherent to the epithelial lining of the stomach, was discovered (117). H. pylori relies on the ammonia-producing surface protein urease for adherence and colonization to the gastric epithelium. Urease allows H. pylori to survive by neutralizing the acidic gastric environment (118). H. pylori produces catalase, which may play a role in protecting the bacteria from free radicals that are released by activated leukocytes. H. pylori infection is associated with a massive infiltration of neutrophils into the gastric wall and local production of IFN- , proinflammatory cytokines—eg, TNF- , IL-1ß, and IL-6—and the chemokine IL-8. Infection with H. pylori is now known to play a role in peptic ulcer disease, chronic gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The association between duodenal ulcer disease and H. pylori is also well documented: H. pylori infection is reported in >90% of duodenal ulcer patients (119). Treatment of this infection involves the use of proton pump inhibitors, often in combination with antibiotics. However, the use of antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection has been associated with adverse effects and frequently leads to resistance to antibiotic therapy. Several in vitro and animal studies have shown reduced viability of H. pylori and less adhesion of the bacteria to human intestinal mucosal cells after treatment with various Lactobacillus strains (120). In series of in vitro assays, Midolo et al (121) showed that the growth of H. pylori was inhibited by lactic acid in a pH-independent manner. They also found that 6 strains of L. acidophilus and L. casei inhibited the growth of H. pylori, whereas B. bifidus and L. bulgaricus did not. The inhibitory effect correlated with the concentrations of lactic acid produced by the LAB examined. In another study, Coconnier et al (122) reported that conditioned media from L. acidophilus reduced the viability of H. pylori in vitro, independent of lactic acid concentrations. In addition, the adhesion of H. pylori to human mucosecreting HT-29 cells decreased. Several in vitro studies were conducted to ascertain whether the effects of LAB on H. pylori survival and function are due to lactic acid or to other antibacterial products generated by LAB, such as bacteriocins. Of the several bacteriocins tested, lacticins produced by Lactoc. lactis were shown to have the greatest anti-Helicobacter activity when used against several strains of H. pylori (123). Studies that indicate promising inhibitory effects of LAB on H. pylori survival and function in vitro were extended to in vivo studies using human patients. Armuzzi et al (124) reported that, when 120 asymptomatic subjects who were positive for H. pylori infection received an L. casei strain GG supplement over a 14-d period in addition to a standard 1-wk antibiotic therapy regimen, the eradication of H. pylori was faster than that in control subjects. Although promising results have been reported, the effects of LAB on H. pylori infection in humans remain ambiguous. For example, L. acidophilus and L. gasseri were both shown to decrease H. pylori infection, as indicated by reduced [13C] urea breath test values (125, 126), and therapy with L. acidophilus was shown to reduce gastric mucosal inflammation (125). However, gastric biopsies did not show eradication of H. pylori. Similarly, Cats et al (127) reported that viable L. casei was required to inhibit the growth of H. pylori in vitro, but only a slight nonsignificant trend was observed toward an in vivo suppressive effect of an L. casei-supplemented milk drink. Allergic reactions
The effects of yogurt and LAB on allergic reactions in the gastrointestinal tract have received some interest (128, 129). It was reported that a delay in the development of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gastrointestinal microflora is a general finding in children with allergic reactions (128). Isolauri (130) reported data suggesting that Lactobacillus GG can be used to prevent food allergies. Heat treatment was suggested as a way of reducing the ability of milk proteins to cause allergic reactions, which would make milk a more suitable source of protein for persons with an immunologic sensitization to cow milk protein (131). However, Kirjavainen et al (129) used a randomized double-blind design to investigate in a recent study the effects of heat-inactivated and viable L. rhamnosus GG on infants with atopic eczema and cow milk allergy. Milk formula supplemented with viable but not heat-inactivated L. rhamnosus GG significantly improved atopic eczema and subjective symptoms of cow milk allergy in subjects in comparison with the control group. These results suggest that, in persons with cow milk allergy, the presence of viable LAB may provide benefits that outweigh the possible detrimental effects that undenatured milk proteins may have on milk allergy. Furthermore, the immunologic response to native milk proteins may differ from that to heat-denatured milk proteins. A recent study using a rat model showed that heat-denaturated ß-lactoglobulin induced a local mucosal inflammatory response, whereas native ß-lactoglobulin induced an IgE-mediated systemic response (132). Heat denaturation is likely to result in conformational changes that expose or hide (or both) epitopes and lead to the activation of different subpopulations of immune cells and thus to different end results. The mechanisms of the protective effects of LAB on allergic reactions are not known. A proinflammatory response in the gut mucosa that is induced by food allergens may impair the function of the intestinal barrier. It is possible that LAB may prevent allergic reactions by having a protective effect on the function of the intestinal barrier, although the mechanism of such an effect is poorly understood. A more direct link between the function of GALT and allergic responses is also possible. One of the primary mechanisms of active cellular suppression of proinflammatory events in the gut after antigen-specific triggering is the secretion of suppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor ß and IL-10. Transforming growth factor ß is produced by both CD4+ and CD8+ GALT-derived T cells and is an important mediator of the active suppression component of oral tolerance. Furthermore, IL-4-mediated isotype switching of immunoglobulin from IgM to IgE and IgE-dependent degranulation of mast cells has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of food allergy-related enteropathy (133). Yogurt's LAB are known to enhance the production of IFN- (62, 134), which acts to inhibit isotype switching to IgE. IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, also known as type 1 allergy, is triggered by the cross-linking of antigens with IgE antibodies that are bound to Fc receptors on mast cells. It was reported that L. casei inhibited antigen-induced IgE production by mouse splenocytes (135). In addition, production of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is induced by LAB (60). A combination of enhancing and suppressive effects is the most likely mechanism by which LAB may have their effects. However, the ways in which LAB or other components of yogurt influence the production of these immunoregulatory cytokines in the gut remain to be elucidated, as do the possible mechanisms of LAB-mediated protection.
SAFETY

TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR...
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF...
SAFETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND...
REFERENCES

Although the safe use of nonsporing anaerobic LAB in fermented foods is widespread and has a long history, there have been occasional reports associating LAB with clinical infections (53, 136) because benign microorganisms have been shown to be infective when a patient is severely debilitated or immunosuppressed (137, 138). Some of the diseases that have been associated with LAB infection include septicemia, infective endocarditis, and dental caries. Very rarely, cases of lactobacillemia have been reported in patients with severe underlying illness, many of whom received a prior antibiotic therapy that may have selected-out for the organism (139, 140). Moreover, Husni et al (141) reviewed the cases of 45 patients with clinically significant lactobacillemia and reported that 11 of the patients were receiving immunosuppressive therapy and 23 had received antibiotics. In none of these reports was a definitive link made between the consumption of fermented milk products and infection. In addition, rare cases of endocarditis have been associated with L. rhamnosus, a LAB indigenous to the human gastrointestinal tract (142-144). However, as with lactobacillemia, no reports to date have been able to identify a connection between LAB from fermented milk and infection in humans. In most of these cases, the origin of the Lactobacillus is most likely the host. There is also a hypothetical risk of the transfer of antimicrobial resistance from LAB to other microorganisms with which LAB might come in contact, but this has not yet been described in the literature. In the past, Lactobacilli isolated from infections were habitually dismissed as contaminants or secondary invaders. However, recent evidence suggests that they might function as opportunistic pathogens in a small number of severely immunosuppressed persons. Even in these patients, this is a very rare event, and it has not yet been reported in a large group of immunosuppressed persons, such as the elderly or persons with AIDS. LAB have a long history of safe use in foods and also in products that have been tested in clinical trials. However, as with any new food ingredient, the safety of a new strain of LAB must be clearly established before it is introduced into fermented dairy products.
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES

TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR...
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF...
SAFETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND...
REFERENCES

It has long been believed that the consumption of yogurt and other fermented milk products provides various health benefits. Recent studies of the possible health benefits of yogurt in gut-associated diseases substantiate some of these beliefs. Of particular interest are the reduction—by yogurt, yogurt bacteria, or both—in the duration of diarrheal diseases in children, the preventive or therapeutic (or both) effects on IBD and colon cancer as suggested by epidemiologic evidence and animal studies, and the possible beneficial effects in increasing the eradication rate of H. pylori as indicated by in vitro and preliminary human studies. In addition, there is ever-increasing evidence of the beneficial effect of yogurt containing live and active cultures on the digestion of lactose in persons with lactose intolerance. These findings are interesting and should encourage future studies to 1) substantiate or extend these findings by using animal models and clinical trials; 2) ascertain whether these effects are age-specific or can be observed across all age groups: eg, ascertain whether yogurt would have effects similar to those observed in children on attenuation of the incidence or duration of diarrheal diseases in elderly people, a group that has high morbidity and mortality from these infections; and 3) investigate the mechanisms through which yogurt exerts its effects and ascertain the critical components of yogurt involved in its mechanisms of action. Finally, in recent years, yogurt has been touted as improving "gut health." In the absence of a universally accepted definition or any definition of "gut health," it is difficult to substantiate these claims. Studies focused on determining the characteristics of a healthy gut would be extremely helpful in evaluating the effect of yogurt on gut health.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All 3 authors participated in the literature review and the development of the manuscript outline, and SNM and RMR determined the areas to be discussed. OA conducted the literature search and organized and wrote the manuscript. SNM provided corrections. RMR revised the manuscript. This review was prepared in response to a request from the National Yogurt Association for a critical and objective review, for which the authors received an honorarium.
REFERENCES

TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YOGURT
MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR...
YOGURT AND DISEASES OF...
SAFETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND...
REFERENCES

Guarner F, Schaafsma GJ. Probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 1998;39:237–8.[Medline]
Bourlioux P, Pochart P. Nutritional and health properties of yogurt. World Rev Nutr Diet 1988;56:217–58.[Medline]
Chandan RC, Shahani KM. Yogurt. In: Hui YH, ed. Dairy science and technology handbook. New York: VCH Publishers, Inc, 1993:1–57.
Metchnikoff E. Sur la flore du corps humain. (On the flora of the human body. ) Manch Lit Philos Soc 1901;45:1–38 (in French).[Medline]
Perdigon G, Alvarez S, Rachid M, Aguero G, Gobbato NJ. Immune system stimulation by probiotics. J Dairy Sci 1995;78:1597–606.[Abstract]
Buttriss J. Nutritional properties of fermented milk products. Int J Dairy Tech 1997;50:21–7.
Reddy KP, Shahani KM, Kulkarni SM. B-complex vitamins in cultured and acidified yogurt. J Dairy Sci 1976;59:191–5.
Shahani KM, Chandan RC. Nutritional and healthful aspects of cultured and culture-containing dairy foods. J Dairy Sci 1979;62:1685–94.
Kneifel W, Mayer HK. Vitamin profiles of kefirs made from milks of different species. Int J Food Sci Technol 1991;26:423–8.[Medline]
Kneifel W, Kaufmann M, Fleischer A, Ulberth F. Screening of commercially available mesophilic dairy starter cultures: biochemical, sensory and morphological properties. J Dairy Sci 1992;75:3158–66.[Abstract]
Crittenden RG, Martinez NR, Playne MJ. Synthesis and utilisation of folate by yoghurt starter cultures and probiotic bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2003;80:217–22.[Medline]
Wigertz K, Svensson UK, Jägerstad M. Folate and folate binding protein content in dairy products. J Dairy Res 1996;64:239–54.
Rosado JL, Solomons NW, Allen LH. Lactose digestion from unmodified, low-fat and lactose-hydrolyzed yogurt in adult lactose maldigesters. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992;46:61–7.[Medline]
Vesa TH, Marteau P, Korpela R. Lactose intolerance. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:165S–75S.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Kolars JC, Levitt MD, Aouji M, Savaiano DA. Yogurt—an autodigesting source of lactose. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1–3.[Abstract]
Goodenough ER, Kleyn DH. Influence of viable yogurt microflora on digestion of lactose by the rat. J Dairy Sci 1976;59:601–6.
Rasic JL, Kurmann JA. Yoghurt: scientific grounds, technology, manufacture and preparations. Vol 1 of Rasic JL, Kurmann JA, eds. Fermented fresh milk products and their cultures. Copenhagen: Technical Dairy Publishing House, 1978.
Loones A. Transformation of milk components during yogurt fermentation. In: Chandan RC, ed. Yogurt: nutritional and health properties. McLean, VA: National Yogurt Association, 1989:95–114.
Beshkova DM, Simova ED, Frengova GI, Simov ZI, Adilov EF. Production of amino acids by yogurt bacteria. Biotechnol Prog 1998;14:963–5.[Medline]
Hewitt D, Bancroft HJ. Nutritional value of yogurt. J Dairy Res 1985;52:197–207.[Medline]
Bissonnette DJ, Jeejeebhoy KN, eds. Meeting dietary nutrient requirements with cow's milk and milk products. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1994.
Gaudichon C, Roos N, Mahé S, Sick H, Bouley C, Tomé D. Gastric emptying regulates the kinetics of nitrogen absorption from 15N-labeled milk and 15N-labeled yogurt in miniature pigs. J Nutr 1994;124:1970–7.
Gaudichon C, Mahé S, Roos N, et al. Exogenous and endogenous nitrogen flow rates and level of protein hydrolysis in the human jejunum after [15N] milk and [15N] yogurt ingestion. Br J Nutr 1995;74:251–60.[Medline]
Shantha NC, Ram LN, O'Leary J, Hicks CL, Decker EA. Conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in dairy products as affected by processing and storage. J Food Sci 1995;60:695–8.
Aneja RP, Murthi TN. Conjugated linoleic acid contents of Indian curd and ghee. Indian J Dairy Sci 1990;43:231–8.
Jiang J, Wolk A, Vessby B. Relation between the intake of milk fat and the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in human adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:21–7.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Park Y, McGuire MK, Behr R, McGuire MA, Evans MA, Schultz TD. High-fat dairy product consumption increases 9c; 11t-18:2 (rumenic acid) and total lipid concentrations of human milk. Lipids 1999;34:543–9.[Medline]
Boccignone M, Brigidi R, Sarra C. Studi effettuati sulla compo-sizione in trigliceridi ed acidi grassi liberi nello yogurt preparato dalatte vaccino, pecorinoe, caprino. (Studies on triglyceride and free fatty acid composition of yogurt prepared from cow, goat, and sheep milk.) Ann Fac Med Vet (Torino) 1984;28:223–33 (in Italian).[Medline]
Whigham LD, Cook ME, Atkinson RL. Conjugated linoleic acid: implications for human health. Pharmacol Res 2000;42:503–10.[Medline]
Kemp MQ, Jeffy BD, Romagnolo DF. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits cell proliferation through a p53-dependent mechanism: effects on the expression of G1-restriction points in breast and colon cancer cells. J Nutr 2003;133:3670–7.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Block G, Abrams B. Vitamin and mineral status of women of childbearing potential. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;678:244–54.[Abstract]
Ervin RB, Kennedy-Stephenson J. Mineral intakes of elderly adult supplement and non-supplement users in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Nutr 2002;132:3422–7.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Allen LH. Calcium bioavailability and absorption: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:783–808.[FreeFullText]
Kaup SM, Shahani KM, Amer MA, Peo ER. (Bioavailability of calcium in yogurt.) Milchwissenschaft 1987;42:513–6 (in German).[Medline]
Schaafsma GJ, Dekker PR, de Ward H. Nutritional aspects of yogurt. 2. Bioavailability of essential minerals and trace elements. Neth Milk Dairy J 1988;42:135–46.[Medline]
Bronner F, Pansu D. Nutritional aspects of calcium absorption. J Nutr 1999;129:9–12.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Norman AW. Intestinal calcium absorption: a vitamin D-hormone-mediated adaptive response. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:290–300.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Pointillart A, Cayron B, Gueguen L. Calcium and phosphorus utilization and bone mineralization in yogurt-fed pigs. Sci Alim 1986;6:15–30.
Bernet MF, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut 1994;35:483–9.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Alm L, Pettersson L. Survival rate of lactobacilli during digestion: an in vitro study Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33(suppl):S2543 (abstr).
Robins-Browne RM, Path FF, Levine MM. The fate of ingested lactobacilli in the proximal small intestine. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:514–9.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Conway PL, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR. Survival of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach and adhesion to intestinal cells. J Dairy Sci 1987;70:1–12.
Pedrosa MC, Golner BB, Goldin BR, Barakat S, Dallal GE, Russell RM. Survival of yogurt-containing organisms and Lactobacillus gasseri (ADH) and their effect on bacterial enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy and hypochlorhydric elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:353–9.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Clark PA, Martin JH. Selection of bifidobacteria for use as dietary adjuvants in cultured dairy foods: III. Tolerance to stimulated bile concentrations of human small intestines. Cult Dairy Prod J 1994;29:18–21.
Duez H, Pelletier H, Cools S, et al. A colony immunoblotting method for quantitative detection of a Bifidobacterium animalis probiotic strain in human faeces. J Appl Microbiol 2000;88:1019–27.[Medline]
Guerin-Danan C, Chabanet C, Pedone C, et al. Milk fermented with yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei compared with yogurt and gelled milk: influence on intestinal microflora in healthy infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:111–7.[Abstract]
Bouhnik Y, Pochart P, Marteau P, Arlet G, Goderel I, Rambaud JC. Fecal recovery in humans of viable Bifidobacterium sp ingested in fermented milk. Gastroenterology 1992;102:875–8.[Medline]
Plant L, Conway P. Association of Lactobacillus spp. with Peyer's patches in mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001;8:320–4.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Bernet MF, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL. Adhesion of human bifidobacterial strains to cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition of enteropathogen-cell interactions. Appl Env Microbiol 1993;59:4121–8.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Lerebours E, N'Djitoyap Ndam C, Lavoine A, Hellot MF, Antoine JM, Colin R. Yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk: effects of short-term and long-term ingestion on lactose absorption and mucosal lactase activity in lactase-deficient subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:823–7.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Kankaanpää P, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E, Lee YK. The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on probiotic growth and adhesion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001;194:149–53.[Medline]
Kankaanpää P, Yang B, Kallio H, Isolauri E, Salminen S. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in growth medium on lipid composition and on physicochemical surface properties of Lactobacilli. Appl Env Microbiol 2004;70:129–36.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Aguirre M, Collins MD. Lactic acid bacteria and human clinical infection. J Appl Bacteriol 1993;75:95–107.[Medline]
Brandtzaeg P, Baekkevold ES, Farstad IN, et al. Regional specialization in the mucosal immune system: what happens in the microcompartments? Immunol Today 1999;20:141–51.[Medline]
Macpherson AJ, Gatto D, Sainsbury E, Harriman GR, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. A primitive T cell-independent mechanism of intestinal mucosal IgA responses to commensal bacteria. Science 2000;288:2222–6.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Puri P, Rattan A, Bijlani RL, Mahapatra SC, Nath I. Splenic and intestinal lymphocyte proliferation response in mice fed milk or yogurt and challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Int J Food Sci Nutr 1996;47:391–8.[Medline]
Link-Amster H, Rochat F, Saudan KY, Mignot O, Aeschlimann JM. Modulation of a specific humoral immune response and changes in intestinal flora mediated through fermented milk intakes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1994;10:55–64.[Medline]
Perdigon G, de Macias ME, Alvarez S, Oliver G, de Ruiz Holgado AA. Systemic augmentation of the immune response in mice by feeding fermented milks with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Immunology 1988;63:17–23.[Medline]
Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986;136:2348–57.[Abstract]
Miettinen M, Vuopio-Varkila J, Varkila K. Production of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 is induced by lactic acid bacteria. Infect Immun 1996;64:5403–5.[Abstract]
Solis-Pereyra B, Aattouri N, Lemonnier D. Role of food in the stimulation of cytokine production. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66(suppl):521S–5S.
Halpern GM, Vruwink KG, van de Water J, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Influence of long-term yogurt consumption in young adults. Int J Immunother 1991;7:205–10.
Borruel N, Carol M, Casellas F, et al. Increased mucosal tumour necrosis factor alpha production in Crohn's disease can be downregulated ex vivo by probiotic bacteria. Gut 2002;51:659–64.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
De Simone C, Bianchi Salvadori B, Negri M, Ferrazzi M, Baldinelli L, Vesely R. The adjuvant effect of yogurt on production of gamma-interferon by Con A stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Nutr Rep Int 1986;33:419–33.
Beharka AA, Paiva S, Leka LS, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Nibkin Meydani S. Effect of age on the gastrointestinal-associated mucosal immune response of humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:B218–23.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 2002;347:417–29.[FreeFullText]
Ajuebor MN, Swain MG. Role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Immunology 2002;105:137–43.[Medline]
Wallace TD, Bradley S, Buckley ND, Green-Johnson JM. Interactions of lactic acid bacteria with human intestinal epithelial cells: effects on cytokine production. Food Prot 2003;66:466–72.[Medline]
Strandhagen E, Lia A, Lindstrand S, et al. Fermented milk (ropy milk) replacing regular milk reduces glycemic responce and gastric emptying in healthy subjects. Scand J Nutr 1994;38:117–21.
Nakamura T, Nishida S, Mizutani M, Iino H. Effects of yogurt supplemented with brewer's yeast cell wall on constipation and intestinal microflora in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001;47:367–72.[Medline]
Meance S, Cayuela C, Turchet P, Raimondi A, Lucas C, Antoine JM. A fermented milk with a Bifidobacterium probiotic strain DN-173 010 shortened oro-fecal gut transit time in elderly. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2001;13:217–22.[Medline]
Marteau P, Cuillerier E, Meance S, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 shortens the colonic transit time in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:587–93.[Medline]
Rorick MH, Scrimshaw NS. Comparative tolerance of elderly from differing ethnic backgrounds to lactose-containing and lactose-free dairy drinks: a double-blind study. J Gerontol 1979;34:191–6.[Medline]
Sahi T. Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;202:7–20.
Savaiano DA, AbouElAnouar A, Smith DE, Levitt MD. Lactose malabsorption from yogurt, pasteurized yogurt, sweet acidophilus milk, and cultured milk in lactase-deficient individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40:1219–23.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Pochart P, Dewit O, Desjeux JF, Bourlioux P. Viable starter culture, ß-galactosidase activity, and lactose in duodenum after yogurt ingestion in lactase-deficient humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:828–31.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Hickey MW, Hillier AJ, Jago GR. Transport and metabolism of lactose, glucose, and galactose in homofermentative lactobacilli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986;51:825–31.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Foucaud C, Poolman B. Lactose transport system of Streptococcus thermophilus. J Biol Chem 1992;267:22087–94.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Thoreux K, Balas D, Bouley C, Senegas-Balas F. Diet supplemented with yoghurt or milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 stimulates growth and brush-border enzyme activities in mouse small intestine. Digestion 1998;59:349–59.[Medline]
Martini MC, Bollweg GL, Levitt MD, Savaiano DA. Lactose digestion by yogurt ß-galactosidase: influence of pH and microbial cell integrity. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45:432–6.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Glass RI, Lew JF, Gangarosa RE, LeBaron CW, Ho MS. Estimates of morbidity and mortality rates for diarrheal diseases in American children. J Pediatr 1991;118:S27–33.[Medline]
Van Neil CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2002;109:678–84.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in a hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet 1994;344:1046–9.[Medline]
Gorbach SL, Chang TW, Goldin B. Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. Lancet 1987;2:1519(letter).[Medline]
Biller JA, Katz AJ, Flores AF, Buie TM, Gorbach SL. Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995;21:224–6.[Medline]
Shornikova AV, Isolauri E, Burkanova L, Lukovnikova S, Vesikari T. A trial in the Karelian Republic of oral rehydration and Lactobacillus GG for treatment of acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:460–5.[Medline]
Clements ML, Levine MM, Ristaino PA, Daya VE, Huges TP. Exogenous lactobacilli fed to man—their fate and ability to prevent diarrheal disease. Prog Food Nutr Sci 1983;7:29–37.[Medline]
Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:573–81.[Medline]
Van der Waaij D. The ecology of the human intestine and its consequences for overgrowth by pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. Annu Rev Microbiol 1989;43:69–87.[Medline]
D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;324:1–6.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Gotz V, Romankiewicz JA, Moss J, Murray HW. Prophylaxis against ampicillin associated diarrhoea with Lactobacillus preparation. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979;36:754–7.[Abstract]
Tankanow RM, Ross MB, Ertel IJ, Dickinson DG, McCormick LS, Garfinkel JF. A double blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of Lactinex in the prophylaxis of amoxicillin-induced diarrhea. DICP 1990;24:382–4.[Abstract]
Orrhage K, Brismar B, Nord CE. Effects of supplements of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on intestinal microbiota during administration of clindamycin. Microb Ecol Health Dis 1994;7:17–25.
Vanderhoof JA, Whitney DB, Antonson DL, Hanner TL, Lupo JV, Young RJ. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children. J Pediatr 1999;135:356–68.
National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Incidence Public-Use Database, 1973-1996, August 1998 Submission. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1999.
Peters RK, Pike MC, Garabrant D, Mack TM. Diet and colon cancer in Los Angeles County, California. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:457–73.[Medline]
Reddy BS, Rivenson A. Inhibitory effect of Bifidobacterium longum on colon, mammary, and liver carcinogenesis induced by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, a food mutagen. Cancer Res 1993;53:3914–8.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Ayebo AD, Shahani KM, Dam R. Antitumor component(s) of yogurt: fractionation. J Dairy Sci 1981;64:2318–23.
Shackelford LA, Rao DR, Chawan CB, Pulusani SR. Effect of feeding fermented milk on the incidence of chemically induced colon tumors in rats. Nutr Cancer 1983;5:159–64.[Medline]
Wollowski I, Ji S, Bakalinsky AT, Neudecker C, Pool-Zobel BL. Bacteria used for the production of yogurt inactivate carcinogens and prevent DNA damage in the colon of rats. J Nutr 1999;129:77–82.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Bolognani F, Rumney CJ, Pool-Zobel BL, Rowland IR. Effect of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and inulin on the formation of aberrant crypt foci in rats. Eur J Nutr 2001;40:293–300.[Medline]
Ganjam LS, Thornton WH, Marshall RT, MacDonald RS. Antiproliferative effects of yogurt fractions obtained by membrane dialysis on cultured mammalian intestinal cells. J Dairy Sci 1997;80:2325–9.[Abstract]
Kim DH, Jin YH. Intestinal bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity of patients with colon cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2001;24:564–7.[Medline]
Reddy BS, Engle A, Simi B, Goldman M. Effect of dietary fiber on colonic bacterial enzymes and bile acids in relation to colon cancer. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1475–82.[Medline]
Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Alterations of the intestinal microflora by diet, oral antibiotics, and Lactobacillus: decreased production of free amines from aromatic nitro compounds, azo dyes, and glucuronides. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984;73:689–95.
Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The effect of milk and lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39:756–61.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Rafter JJ. The role of lactic acid bacteria in colon cancer prevention. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30:497–502.[Medline]
Sartor RB. Pathogenesis and immune mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:5S–11S.[Medline]
Kwon HJ, Cote TR, Cuffe MS, Kramer JM, Braun MM. Case reports of heart failure after therapy with a tumor necrosis factor antagonist. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:807–11.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Fabia R, Ar'Rajab A, Johansson ML, et al. Impairment of bacterial flora in human ulcerative colitis and experimental colitis in the rat. Digestion 1993;54:248–55.[Medline]
McCormick DA, Horton LW, Mee AS. Mucin depletion in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:143–6.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
van Wijngaarden P, Meijssen MA. Tuberculous pleurisy: an unusual complication during treatment of Crohn disease with azathioprine. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;37:1004–7.
Madsen KL, Doyle JS, Jewell LD, Tavernini MM, Fedorak RN. Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1107–14.[Medline]
Steidler L, Hans W, Schotte L, et al. Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin-10. Science 2000;289:1352–5.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Malin M, Suomalainen H, Saxelin M, Isolauri E. Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG. Ann Nutr Metab 1996;40:137–45.[Medline]
Kaila M, Isolauri E, Soppi E, Virtanen E, Laine S, Arvilommi H. Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain. Pediatr Res 1992;32:141–4.[Medline]
Marshall BJ. Unidentified curved bacillus on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983;1:1273–5.[Medline]
Labigne A, de Reuse H. Determinants of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infect Agents Dis 1996;5:191–202.[Medline]
Duggan A. Helicobacter pylori: when is treatment now indicated? Int Med J 2002;32:465–9.[Medline]
Aiba Y, Suzuki N, Kabir AMA, Takagi A, Koga Y. Lactic acid-mediated supression of Helicobacter pylori by the oral administration of Lactobacillus salivarius as a probiotic in a gnobiotic murine model. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:2097–101.[Medline]
Midolo PD, Lambert JR, Hull R, Luo F, Grayson ML. In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori NCTC 11637 by organic acids and lactic acid bacteria. J Appl Bacteriol 1995;79:475–9.[Medline]
Coconnier M, Lievin V, Hemery E, Servin AL. Antagonistic activity against Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Appl Env Microbiol 1998;64:4573–80.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Kim TS, Hur JW, Yu MA, et al. Antagonism of Helicobacter pylori by bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. J Food Prot 2003;66:3–12.[Medline]
Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Ojetti V, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a pilot study. Digestion 2001;63:1–7.
Michetti P, Dorta G, Wiesel PH, et al. Effect of whey-based culture supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (johnsonii) La1 on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans. Digestion 1999;60:203–9.[Medline]
Sakamoto I, Igarashi M, Kimura K, Takagi A, Miwa T, Koga Y. Suppressive effect of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL 2716 (LG21) on Helicobacter pylori infection in humns. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;47:709–10.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Cats A, Kuipers EJ, Bosschaert MAR, Pot RGJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Kusters JG. Effect of frequent consumption of a Lactobacillus casei-containing milk drink in Helicobacter pylori-colonized subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:429–35.[Medline]
Kalliomäki M, Isolauri E. Role of intestinal flora in the development of allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;3:15–20.[Medline]
Kirjavainen PV, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E. Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003;36:223–7.[Medline]
Isolauri E. Studies on Lactobacillus GG in food hypersensitivity disorders. Nutr Today 1996;31:28S–31S.
Gurr MI. The nutritional role of cultured dairy products. Can Inst Food Sci Technol 1984;17:57–64.[Medline]
Rytkönen J, Karttunen TJ, Karttunen R, et al. Effect of heat denaturation on beta-lactoglobulin-induced gastrointestinal sensitization in rats: denatured ßLG induces a more intensive local immunologic response than native ßLG. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002;13:269–77.[Medline]
Bischoff SC, Mayer JH, Manns MP. Allergy and the gut. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000;121:270–83.[Medline]
Miettinen M, Matikainen S, Vuopio-Varkila J, et al. Lactobacilli and streptococci induce interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18, and gamma interferon production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infect Immun 1998;66:6058–62.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Shida K, Makino K, Morishita A, et al. Lactobacillus casei inhibits antigen-induced IgE secretion through regulation of cytokine production in murine splenocyte cultures. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998;115:278–87.[Medline]
Gasser F. Safety of lactic acid bacteria and their occurrence in human clinical infection. Bull Inst Pasteur 1994;92:45–67.
MacGregor G, Smith AJ, Thakker B, Kinsella J. Yoghurt biotherapy: contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients? Postgrad Med J 2002;78:366–7.[Abstract/FreeFullText]
Schlegel L, Lemerle S, Geslin P. Lactobacillus species as opportunistic pathogens in immune-compromised patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;17:887–8.[Medline]
Bayer AS, Chow AW, Betts D, Guze LB. Lactobacillemia—report of nine cases. Important clinical and therapeutic considerations. Am J Med 1978;64:808–13.[Medline]
Horwitch CA, Furseth HA, Larson AM, Jones TL, Olliffe JF, Spach DH. Lactobacillemia in three patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1460–2.[Medline]
Husni RN, Gordon SM, Washington JA, Longworth DL. Lactobacillus bacteremia and endocarditis: review of 45 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:1048–55.[Medline]
Mackay AD, Taylor MB, Kibbler CC, Hamilton-Miller JMT. Lactobacillus endocarditis caused by a probiotic organism. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999;5:290–2.[Medline]
Presterl E, Kneifel W, Mayer HK, Zehetgruber M, Makristathis A, Graninger W. Endocarditis by Lactobacillus rhamnosus due to yogurt ingestion? Scand J Infect Dis 2001;33:710–4.[Medline]
Avlami A, Kordossis T, Vrizidis N, Sipsas NV. Lactobacillus rhamnosus endocarditis complicating colonoscopy. J Infect 2001;42:283–5.[Medline]

Received for publication October 3, 2003. Accepted for publication February 12, 2004.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. D. Parra, B. E. Martinez de Morentin, J. M. Cobo, I. Lenoir-Wijnkoop, and J. A. Martinez Acute Calcium Assimilation from Fresh or Pasteurized Yoghurt Depending on the Lactose Digestibility Status J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June1,2007; 26(3): 288 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Penaud, A. Fernandez, S. Boudebbouze, S. D. Ehrlich, E. Maguin, and M. van de Guchte Induction of Heavy-Metal-Transporting CPX-Type ATPases during Acid Adaptation in Lactobacillus bulgaricus Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December1,2006; 72(12): 7445 - 7454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Elli, M. L. Callegari, S. Ferrari, E. Bessi, D. Cattivelli, S. Soldi, L. Morelli, N. Goupil Feuillerat, and J.-M. Antoine Survival of yogurt bacteria in the human gut. Appl. Envir. Microbiol., July1,2006; 72(7): 5113 - 5117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. van de Guchte, S. Penaud, C. Grimaldi, V. Barbe, K. Bryson, P. Nicolas, C. Robert, S. Oztas, S. Mangenot, A. Couloux, et al. The complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus bulgaricus reveals extensive and ongoing reductive evolution PNAS, June13,2006; 103(24): 9274 - 9279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Rosado, M. Diaz, K. Gonzalez, I. Griffin, S. A. Abrams, and R. Preciado The Addition of Milk or Yogurt to a Plant-Based Diet Increases Zinc Bioavailability but Does Not Affect Iron Bioavailability in Women J. Nutr., March1,2005; 135(3): 465 - 468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article

	Abstract
	Full Text (PDF)
	Purchase Article
	View Shopping Cart
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Alert me if a correction is posted
	Citation Map

Services

	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new issues of the journal
	Download to citation manager


Citing Articles

	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

	Articles by Adolfsson, O.
	Articles by Russell, R. M
	Search for Related Content

PubMed

	PubMed Citation
	Articles by Adolfsson, O.
	Articles by Russell, R. M

Agricola

	Articles by Adolfsson, O.
	Articles by Russell, R. M

yogurt

rockyen — Sat, 06 Sep 2008 23:52:01 CDT

http://forums.johnstonefitness.com/archive/index.php/t-20925.html

View Full Version : Yogurt before bed?

Malkavian

September 29th, 2005, 12:18 AM

I realize cottage cheese is seen by most here as "the" thing to eat before bedtime, but I was wondering how much better or worse plain nonfat yogurt is? Reason is I tend to gravitate towards yogurt more cause I can throw a double handful of granola or toasted oats in and have an extremely filling snack to pack to class. Cottage cheese seems not to lend itself to mixers quite so much.

So, what's the verdict? Would plain yogurt (or with a bit of fruit or oats) in the same quantity as the CC be a bad idea before bed or as an alternative when i'm tired of cottage cheese?

Ayanik7

September 29th, 2005, 12:35 AM

I thin the reason why people eat CC before bead is becuase it has ceasin(sp?) in it which is a slow burning protein source that'll kast you the enitre night in order for your body not to go into a catabolic state and use your muscle as energy.

I cut off my carb intake after 6 and only eat protein and fat meals. Like a chicken breast and almonds or peanuts 30 minutes before bed.

How's the nutritional value of yogurt, is it loaded in sugar?

-Avo

Glaive

September 29th, 2005, 01:17 AM

Plain yogurt is pretty low in sugar comparitively. Problem is, most people don't eat plain yogurt. They either eat flavored yogurt which has noticably more sugar or add in things like granola or fresh fruit, which is still a big carbohydrate addition.

I agree that minimizing carbohydrate intake during the evening, especially before bed, is generally a good idea.

Personally, I can't stand cottage cheese so I'm opting to just supplement with micellar casein before bed instead.

J Nero

September 29th, 2005, 03:37 PM

I do believe there is a difference in the quality of protein you get from cottage cheese as compared to yogurt. This link explains it much better and there is a table about halfway down that compares several types of protein.

http://www.johnberardi.com/articles/supplementation/prosuper.htm (http://)

Here is the key paragraph:
"Scientific means have been developed to measure protein quality. The most discussed measure is that of the protein's biological value (BV). The BV of certain proteins is calculated by measuring the percentage of protein consumed and absorbed but not excreted. This gives an indication of how much of the protein that is consumed actually remains within the body to promote protein synthesis. This value is then compared with a "test protein" like egg protein and the value given is as a percentage BV relative to egg protein. Since egg has a high BV, proteins are represented relative to egg. A BV of 70% or above is considered good quality."

And the table rates cottage cheese as having 84 BV while yogurt is only 68 BV.

Then it also discusses:
"The second measure of protein quality is the protein-digestibility amino acid score (PCDAAS). This measure determines the indispensable amino acid content of the protein in question. These values are then compared to the known amino acid requirements in humans. Then, comparing the amino acid content of the protein with the human requirement for the indispensable amino acids, it is evident whether or not there are adequate amounts of each amino. The amino acid that is lowest in the protein is then termed the limiting amino acid because an amino acid is only as good as its weakest link. This value is then given to the protein of interest. I know this seems complex but here is an example. If only the amino acid lysine is very low in wheat protein relative to the known human needs for lysine, then lysine is the limiting amino acid. Since the adult requirement for lysine is 19mg lysine per 1g of protein, and wheat may only contain 8mg lysine per 1g of protein, the PCDAA of wheat protein is 8 divided by 19 or 42%. A PCDAAS of 1.00 or 100% is good quality. Any lower, and the protein must be combined with another source that may contain sufficient quantity of the low amino acid."

And cottage cheese has a PCDAA of 1.00 while yogurt's PCDAA is unknown.

With all of that said, I don't see a legitimate problem with switching it up from time to time. Personally, I mix my CC with fat free yogurt every night because I'm not a fan of CC plain.

NEdge

September 29th, 2005, 05:24 PM

CC - 14g protein 4g carbs
Plain yogurt - 12g protein 19g carbs

Yogurt - insulin spike (even though it is low GI)
CC - most likely reduced insulin response

I'd save the yogurt (especially with granola or oats) for around your workouts (-1hr to +4 hrs). If you don't like CC I'd eat any other whole food protein+fat before bed (basically not a whey shake).

However, I guess if you are going to eat oats or other moderate-high GI food before bed, you might as well eat yogurt instead of CC.

NEdge

September 29th, 2005, 05:28 PM

Personally, I mix my CC with fat free yogurt every night because I'm not a fan of CC plain.

I used to do this, and I don't see a probalem with it, especially at higher BF% and if you don't go overboard with the yogurt. Now, if I am traveling and can't by low-sodium CC, I water down the CC with carb countdown milk instead (+add Davinci syrup and/or a bit of sugar free pudding).

For a few g or carbs the sugar free pudings are great - pistashio (sp) is my favorate.

NewSkin

September 29th, 2005, 07:56 PM

J Nero

September 29th, 2005, 10:39 PM

From that description, it sounds like bioavailability is basically the same thing as "relative potency," a pharmacological term. Relative potency is basically irrelevent, assuming you know what the differing potencies are. In other words, if egg protein has a very high bioavailability, than a person would need to eat fewer grams of egg protein than say, whey protein. That doesn't mean that egg protein is any better, it just means that you would need to consume less of it than other proteins with a lower bioavailability.

True (I was thinking that when I posted it but wasn't sure), so with his original question then, yogurt would be alright as a replacement, but he'd have to account for the fact that he won't absorb as much of the protein so he'd have to eat relatively more yogurt to get the same amount of usable protein as cottage cheese.

NewSkin

September 29th, 2005, 11:33 PM

The BV of certain proteins is calculated by measuring the percentage of protein consumed and absorbed but not excreted. This gives an indication of how much of the protein that is consumed actually remains within the body to promote protein synthesis.

Upon reading this again I'm not sure if I was correct in my previous post. The key phrase being "absorbed but NOT excreted." I am confused how protein could be NOT excreted, yet also not be used to promote protein synthesis. What does this "unavailable" protein do in the body then?

It's like saying that a carbohydrate causes zero insulin response. Don't macronutrients have certain intrinsic effects?

J Nero

September 30th, 2005, 10:36 AM

Upon reading this again I'm not sure if I was correct in my previous post. The key phrase being "absorbed but NOT excreted." I am confused how protein could be NOT excreted, yet also not be used to promote protein synthesis. What does this "unavailable" protein do in the body then?

It's like saying that a carbohydrate causes zero insulin response. Don't macronutrients have certain intrinsic effects?

From what I understand the paragraph to be saying, I think some of the protein you eat doesn't get used by the body and it just goes through you as waste. Why? I don't know. The protein that is used isn't excreted because it is does protein synthesis (I know that's not really a verb) and it stays in the body.

I guess that makes sense though, since all it is saying is that some of what you eat becomes a part of your muscles and that, and the rest of it is just crap. Although I haven't researched carbs at all, I wouldn't be surprised if only a certain precentage of some carbs cause the insulin response while the rest just go through for the ride.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V24-4M4TNKX-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e302f29664d8c8907ca5431fac9d6727

Production of yogurt with enhanced levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and valuable nutrients using lactic acid bacteria and germinated soybean extract

Ki-Bum Parkb and Suk-Heung Oha, , ,

aDepartment of Medicinal Biotechnology, Woosuk University, Jeonju 565-701, Republic of Korea bDepartment of Life Science and Technology, Graduate School, Woosuk University, Jeonju 565-701, Republic of Korea

Received 19 September 2005;

revised 6 June 2006;

accepted 12 June 2006.

Available online 18 October 2006.

References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article.

Abstract

Yogurt with high levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), free amino acids and isoflavones was developed using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and germinated soybean extract. Fermented soya milk (GABA soya yogurt) produced with starter and substrate had the GABA concentration of 424.67μg/gDW, whereas fermented milk produced by a conventional method had GABA less than 1.5μg/gDW. The GABA soya yogurt also contained significantly high levels of free amino acids and isoflavones compared with other conventional yogurts. The results suggested that the Lactobacillus brevis OPY-1 and germinated soybean possessed a prospect to be applied in dairy and other health products with high nutritive values and functional properties.

Keywords: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); Germinated soybean; Isoflavones; Lactobacillus brevis; Yogurt

Article Outline

1. Introduction2. Methods2.1. Microogranisms and media2.2. Cultivation of L. brevis OPY-12.3. Producing germinated soybean and fermentation substrate2.4. Producing starter and yogurt2.5. GABA assay2.6. Measuring viable count2.7. Content of isoflavones in yogurt2.8. Sensory evaluation of yogurt3. Results3.1. Growth and GABA production of L. brevis OPY-13.2. Production and characteristics of fermented GABA soya milk4. Discussions Acknowledgements References

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V24-4M4TNKX-1&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=fdb999a48cc9db93788a4c17b16a744b Production of yogurt with enhanced levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and valuable nutrients using lactic acid bacteria and germinated soybean extract

Ki-Bum Parkb and Suk-Heung Oha, , ,

Received 19 September 2005;

revised 6 June 2006;

accepted 12 June 2006.

Available online 18 October 2006.

References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article.

Abstract

Keywords: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); Germinated soybean; Isoflavones; Lactobacillus brevis; Yogurt

http://www.askdrsears.com/html/4/T045700.asp

YOGURT

Topics you will find:

10 Reasons Yogurt is a Top Health Food
A Tale of Two Yogurts
How to Buy the Healthiest Yogurt: 5 Tips
5 Ways to Use Yogurt as a Nutritious Substitute
6 Health Benefits of Lactobacteria
Also See: Brainy Breakfasts

10 REASONS YOGURT IS A TOP HEALTH FOOD

1. Yogurt is easier to digest than milk. Many people who cannot tolerate milk, either because of a protein allergy or lactose intolerance, can enjoy yogurt. The culturing process makes yogurt more digestible than milk. The live active cultures create lactase, the enzyme lactose-intolerant people lack, and another enzyme contained in some yogurts (beta-galactosidase) also helps improve lactose absorption in lactase-deficient persons. Bacterial enzymes created by the culturing process, partially digest the milk protein casein, making it easier to absorb and less allergenic. In our pediatric practice, we have observed that children who cannot tolerate milk can often eat yogurt without any intestinal upset. While the amount varies among brands of yogurt, in general, yogurt has less lactose than milk. The culturing process has already broken down the milk sugar lactose into glucose and galactose, two sugars that are easily absorbed by lactose-intolerant persons. 2. Yogurt contributes to colon health. There's a medical truism that states: "You're only as healthy as your colon." When eating yogurt, you care for your colon in two ways. First, yogurt contains lactobacteria, intestines-friendly bacterial cultures that foster a healthy colon, and even lower the risk of colon cancer. Lactobacteria, especially acidophilus, promotes the growth of healthy bacteria in the colon and reduces the conversion of bile into carcinogenic bile acids. The more of these intestines-friendly bacteria that are present in your colon, the lower the chance of colon diseases. Basically, the friendly bacteria in yogurt seems to deactivate harmful substances (such as nitrates and nitrites before they are converted to nitrosamines) before they can become carcinogenic. Secondly, yogurt is a rich source of calcium - a mineral that contributes to colon health and decreases the risk of colon cancer. Calcium discourages excess growth of the cells lining the colon, which can place a person at high risk for colon cancer. Calcium also binds cancer-producing bile acids and keeps them from irritating the colon wall. People that have diets high in calcium (e.g. Scandinavian countries) have lower rates of colorectal cancer. One study showed that an average intake of 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day is associated with a 75 percent reduction of colorectal cancer. As a survivor of colon cancer, I have a critical interest in the care of my colon. My life depends on it. 3. Yogurt improves the bioavailability of other nutrients. Culturing of yogurt increases the absorption of calcium and B-vitamins. The lactic acid in the yogurt aids in the digestion of the milk calcium, making it easier to absorb. 4. Yogurt can boost immunity. Researchers who studied 68 people who ate two cups of live-culture yogurt daily for three months found that these persons produced higher levels of immunity boosting interferon. The bacterial cultures in yogurt have also been shown to stimulate infection-fighting white cells in the bloodstream. Some studies have shown yogurt cultures to contain a factor that has anti-tumor effects in experimental animals.

NUTRITIP: Yogurt - Good for Young and Old Yogurt is a valuable health food for both infants and elderly persons. For children, it is a balanced source of protein, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals in a texture that kids love. For senior citizens, who usually have more sensitive colons or whose intestines have run out of lactase, yogurt is also a valuable food. Elderly intestines showed declining levels of bifidus bacteria, which allow the growth of toxin-producing and, perhaps, cancer-causing bacteria.

5. Yogurt aids healing after intestinal infections. Some viral and allergic gastrointestinal disorders injure the lining of the intestines, especially the cells that produce lactase. This results in temporary lactose malabsorption problems. This is why children often cannot tolerate milk for a month or two after an intestinal infection. Yogurt, however, because it contains less lactose and more lactase, is usually well-tolerated by healing intestines and is a popular "healing food" for diarrhea. Many pediatricians recommend yogurt for children suffering from various forms of indigestion. Research shows that children recover faster from diarrhea when eating yogurt. It's good to eat yogurt while taking antibiotics. The yogurt will minimize the effects of the antibiotic on the friendly bacteria in the intestines.

NUTRITIP: A Chaser for Antibiotics Antibiotics kill not only harmful bacteria; they also kill the healthy ones in the intestines. The live bacterial cultures in yogurt can help replenish the intestines with helpful bacteria before the harmful ones take over. I usually "prescribe" a daily dose of yogurt while a person is taking antibiotics and for two weeks thereafter.

A 1999 study reported in Pediatrics showed that lactobacillus organisms can reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea. 6. Yogurt can decrease yeast infections. Research has shown that eating eight ounces of yogurt that contains live and active cultures daily reduces the amount of yeast colonies in the vagina and decreases the incidence of vaginal yeast infections. 7. Yogurt is a rich source of calcium. An 8-ounce serving of most yogurts provides 450 mg. of calcium, one-half of a child's RDA and 30 to 40 percent of the adult RDA for calcium. Because the live-active cultures in yogurt increase the absorption of calcium, an 8-ounce serving of yogurt gets more calcium into the body than the same volume of milk can. 8. Yogurt is an excellent source of protein. Plain yogurt contains around ten to fourteen grams of protein per eight ounces, which amounts to twenty percent of the daily protein requirement for most persons. In fact, eight ounces of yogurt that contains live and active cultures, contains 20 percent more protein than the same volume of milk (10 grams versus 8 grams). Besides being a rich source of proteins, the culturing of the milk proteins during fermentation makes these proteins easier to digest. For this reason, the proteins in yogurt are often called "predigested." 9. Yogurt can lower cholesterol. There are a few studies that have shown that yogurt can reduce the blood cholesterol. This may be because the live cultures in yogurt can assimilate the cholesterol or because yogurt binds bile acids, (which has also been shown to lower cholesterol), or both. 10. Yogurt is a "grow food." Two nutritional properties of yogurt may help children with intestinal absorption problems grow: the easier digestibility of the proteins and the fact that the lactic acid in yogurt increases the absorption of minerals. And even most picky-eaters will eat yogurt in dips and smoothies and as a topping. Perhaps we can take a health tip about yogurt cultures from cultures who consume a lot of yogurt, such as the Bulgarians who are noted for their longer lifespan and remain in good health well into old age.

NUTRMYTH: All foods made with yogurt are created equal Not so. In fact, the yogurt used to coat nibble foods such as raisins, nuts, and fruit bits is often so highly sugared that you're really eating more sugar than yogurt.

A Tale of Two Yogurts

Yogurt is a great example of how to supermarket shop. Here's a label lesson in choosing a nutrient-dense yogurt that's super for families and spotting one that is, well, sad. Enjoy a cup of Stonyfield’s Oikos Organic Greek Yogurt, Dr. Bill's personal favorite. Later on in the day eat a cup of one of those "lite" or "fit" brands of yogurt. (Generally avoid package hype of "lite" or "fit" as they usually contain artificial colorings and sweeteners.) Notice any difference in how satisfied you are? Now compare the two labels:
Yummy Yogurt	Yucky Yogurt
Calories: 90 Calories from fat: 0 Total Carbs: 9 grams Sugars: 9 grams Protein: 22 grams No added fillers, sweeteners, or colorings.	Calories: 130-200 Calories from fat: 0 Total Carbs: 24-40 grams Sugars: 17-32 grams Protein: 7 grams Fillers: high fructose corn syrup, colorings and other fillers

HOW TO BUY THE HEALTHIEST YOGURT: 5 TIPS

As when you purchase any food, read the label, both the "Nutritional Facts" panel and the list of ingredients. Look specifically at the following: 1. The best nutritional deal is plain yogurt, which has only two ingredients: live cultures and milk (whole milk, low-fat, or skim). The longer the ingredients list, the more calories you get and the less yogurt nutrition. In some highly-sweetened containers of yogurt, you're getting more calories in the sweetener than you are in the yogurt. Be sure to read the protein and sugar values on the nutrition panel. The higher the protein and the lower the sugar content, the more actual yogurt you're getting in the container. You can make fun flavored yogurts with your kids that please their tastebuds and give you control over the contents of the yogurt. (See Recipes) BEST YOGURT
Contains only live and active cultures and milk. Stonyfield's Organic Yogurts. OKAY YOGURT
Contains live and active cultures , milk, and some filler ingredients. DON'T-EVEN-BUY YOGURT
It might as well be pudding if it says "heat treated" on the label, and it may contain added sugar and stabilizers - and more! 2. The calcium content. The best yogurts provide 35 to 40 percent of the recommended dietary allowance for calcium in an 8-ounce container. Once the calcium gets below 30 percent of the DV, it's a good bet that the container is filled with a lot of less-nutritious filler. 3. Stonyfield's Organic Yogurts - the one we recommend - has the highest level of live and active cultures besides containing inulin. Avoid yogurt that says "heat treated after culturing" on the label. This means that the yogurt was pasteurized after the healthful organisms were added, which dilutes the health benefits of the yogurt. Pasteurization deactivates the lactase and kills the live cultures, thereby obliterating two health benefits of yogurt. Heat- treating yogurt trades economic gain for nutritional loss. It prolongs the shelf life, but spoils its nutrition and health-food value. Lactose-intolerant persons who can tolerate yogurt containing live and active cultures may not be able to digest yogurt that has been heat treated. Yogurt-based salad dressings and yogurt-covered raisins, pretzels, and candy typically do not contain live and active cultures. The National Yogurt Association has been urging the FDA not to allow products that do not contain live and active cultures to be called "yogurt." 4. Yogurt terms to watch for. There's a dizzying array of yogurts in the supermarket dairy aisle. Here's a key to the different types.

Whole milk yogurt contains approximately 7 grams of milk fat per 8-ounce serving.
Lowfat yogurt contains between 1 and 4 grams (0.5% to 2 %) of milk fat per 8-ounce serving.
Nonfat yogurt contains less than 1/2 gram (less than 0.5%) of milk fat per 8-ounce serving.
In Swiss or custard-style yogurt, fruit and yogurt are mixed together. To insure firmness, a stabilizer, such as gelatin, may be added. This is also called "blended yogurt." Swiss yogurt is fermented in vats and then transferred to cups. This process breaks the gel, so that artificial binders and stabilizers must be added.
Fruit-added or plain yogurt has a runnier consistency. The whey, the clear liquid at the top, should be stirred into the solids.
Yogurt also comes in liquid form, called "kefir," which may contain added sweeteners such as corn syrup.
Heat-treated. Some yogurt manufacturers market "heat-treated yogurt" to prolong shelf life or decrease tartness and produce a more pudding-type texture. While perhaps more appealing to some, the heat treatment of the yogurt after the cultures have been added kills much of the health benefits of the yogurt.

5. The benefits of plain yogurt. Ounce for ounce, plain yogurt is more nutritious than fruit-added preparations. Notice the differences on the labels:

Plain yogurt contains around one-half of the calories of the same amount of fruit-added yogurt.
Plain yogurt contains almost twice the amount of proteins.
Plain yogurt contains fewer fillers.
Plain yogurt contains more calcium.
Plain yogurt contains no added sugar.

If plain yogurt doesn't appeal to you, buy plain yogurt and flavor it with your favorite fruit. This way you control the sweeteners.

5 WAYS TO USE YOGURT AS A NUTRITIOUS SUBSTITUTE

Yogurt is one of the most versatile foods, especially for children who love dips and toppings. It can be used as a substitute for many high-fat foods. Here are some suggestions. 1. Use yogurt in place of mayonnaise. Non- fat, plain yogurt contains less than ten percent of the calories, less than one percent of the fat, and around three percent of the cholesterol of an equal amount of regular mayonnaise. Combining equal amounts of low-calorie mayonnaise and lowfat yogurt works well for many dishes, including potato salad, coleslaw, pasta salad, tuna salad, dips, and appetizers. 2. A favorite with toddlers. Yogurt makes a tasty and nutritious dip for toddlers, who love to dip their exploring fingers into new foods. It is also a favorite topping for toddler foods and a time-honored bait to entice toddlers to try new foods. (See Nibble Tray) 3. Try whole plain yogurt as a healthy alternative to sour cream. It is much lower in calories, fat, and cholesterol. If you're adding it to a sauce in place of sour cream, heat it over very low heat so it doesn't curdle. After a while, switch to lowfat. 4. Try yogurt in baking recipes. Plain yogurt can often be substituted for milk, buttermilk, or sour cream in recipes for waffles, pancakes, and muffins. 5. Substitute yogurt for ice cream. Yogurt shakes and smoothies are a low-fat alternative to ice cream (See School-Ade recipe).

NUTRIMYTH: Frozen yogurt is always a healthy substitute for regular yogurt. Not all frozen yogurts are created equal. Quality frozen yogurt will have at least 10 million live and active cultures (LAC) seal. The LAC seal signifies that the frozen yogurt has at least that amount of live and active cultures. While it has less live and active cultures than regular yogurt, frozen yogurt is still a good source of live and active cultures, calcium, and a delicious hot weather treat.

6 HEALTH BENEFITS OF LACTOBACTERIA

Healthy bacteria reside in everybody's colon, and in return for food and a warm place to live these resident bacteria contribute to your health. One of the most intestinal-friendly resident bacteria is the family of lactobacteria, so-called because they thrive on lactose sugars. The resident germ you will read most about is L.acidophilus, which means "acid- loving," because these organisms grow best in an acidic intestinal environment. Here are some healthy things these bacteria do for your body: 1. Improve digestion. Lactobacteria, as the name implies, help digest the lactose in dairy products, preventing lactose overload, and lessening problems with lactose intolerance. Lactobacteria also help with the absorption of valuable nutrients and stimulate peristalsis, the movement of food through the intestines that leads to regular bowel movements. 2. Manufacture vitamins. Like rich soil grows vitamin-rich foods, lactobacteria produce B-complex vitamins, along with vitamin K. 3. Manufacture nutrients. Friendly bacteria help manufacture essential fatty acids called short chain fatty acids (SCFA). These are valuable nutrients for intestinal cells and also produce cancer-fighting substances. 4. Boost immunity. Lactobacteria inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi, such as candida (yeast). They help keep the intestinal environment acidic and compete with harmful bacteria and the toxins they produce. They even produce hydrogen peroxide, which has a natural antibiotic effect. 5. Protect against carcinogens. Lactobacteria bind potential carcinogens, preventing them from damaging cells. L.bulgaricus, the main lactobacillus used in yogurt, has anti-tumor properties. Specifically, lactobacteria bind heavy metals and bile acids, which are potential carcinogens. These bacteria inhibit the growth of nitrate-producing bacteria (nitrates can be a carcinogen). They also metabolize flavanoids, producing natural anti-tumor substances. 6. Protect against cardiovascular disease. Lactobacteria help regulate cholesterol and tryglyceride levels in the blood. Be kind to the bugs in your bowels. They do good things for you. NUTRITIP: YOGURT FOR BREAKFAST A nutriperk in yogurt could theoretically improve school performance by perking up the brain. Yogurt is relatively high in the amino acid tyrosine (a neurostimulant) and low in the amino acid tryptophan (a neurosedative). Add yogurt to other brain foods, such as flax oil (for brain-building fatty acids) and soy foods (for protein and blood-sugar stabilization), and you have three synergistic foods that form the basic ingredients for our School-Ade recipe. I have personally felt the effects of this nutriperk by drinking a smoothie with these three basic ingredients each morning before I go to work. (See Brainy Breakfasts)

http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/yogurt.htmlYogurt
Yogurt (also spelled yogourt or yoghurt) is a semi-solid fermented milk product which originated centuries ago in Bulgaria. It's popularity has grown and is now consumed in most parts of the world. Although the consistency, flavour and aroma may vary from one region to another, the basic ingredients and manufacturing are essentially consistent:

Ingredients

Although milk of various animals has been used for yogurt production in various parts of the world, most of the industrialized yogurt production uses cow's milk. Whole milk, partially skimmed milk, skim milk or cream may be used. In order to ensure the development of the yogurt culture the following criteria for the raw milk must be met:

low bacteria count
free from antibiotics, sanitizing chemicals, mastitis milk, colostrum, and rancid milk
no contamination by bacteriophages

Other yogurt ingredients may include some or all of the following:
Other Dairy Products: concentrated skim milk, nonfat dry milk, whey, lactose. These products are often used to increase the nonfat solids content
Sweeteners: glucose or sucrose, high-intensity sweeteners (e.g. aspartame)
Stabilizers: gelatin, carboxymethyl cellulose, locust bean Guar, alginates, carrageenans, whey protein concentrate
Flavours
Fruit Preparations: including natural and artificial flavouring, colour

Starter Culture

The starter culture for most yogurt production in North America is a symbiotic blend of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus (ST) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (LB). Although they can grow independantly, the rate of acid production is much higher when used together than either of the two organisms grown individually. ST grows faster and produces both acid and carbon dioxide. The formate and carbon dioxide produced stimulates LB growth. On the other hand, the proteolytic activity of LB produces stimulatory peptides and amino acids for use by ST. These microorganisms are ultimately responsible for the formation of typical yogurt flavour and texture. The yogurt mixture coagulates during fermentation due to the drop in pH. The streptococci are responsible for the initial pH drop of the yogurt mix to approximately 5.0. The lactobacilli are responsible for a further decrease to pH 4.0. The following fermentation products contibute to flavour:

lactic acid
acetaldehyde
acetic acid
diacetyl

Manufacturing Method

The milk is clarified and separated into cream and skim milk, then standardized to acheive the desired fat content. The various ingredients are then blended together in a mix tank equipped with a powder funnel and an agitation system. The mixture is then pasteurized using a continuous plate heat exchanger for 30 min at 85° C or 10 min at 95° C. These heat treatments, which are much more severe than fluid milk pasteurization, are necessary to acheive the following:

produce a relatively sterile and condusive environment for the starter culture
denature and coagulate whey proteins to enhance the viscosity and texture

The mix is then homogenized using high pressures of 2000-2500 psi. Besides thoroughly mixing the stabilizers and other ingredients, homogenization also prevents creaming and wheying off during incubation and storage. Stability, consistency and body are enhanced by homogenization. Once the homogenized mix has cooled to an optimum growth temperature, the yogurt starter culture is added. A ratio of 1:1, ST to LB, inoculation is added to the jacketed fermentation tank. A temperature of 43° C is maintained for 4-6 h under quiescent (no agitation) conditions. This temperature is a compromise between the optimums for the two micoorganisms (ST 39° C; LB 45° C). The titratable acidity is carefully monitored until the TA is 0.85 to 0.90%. At this time the jacket is replaced with cool water and agitation begins, both of which stop the fermentation. The coagulated product is cooled to 5-22° C, depending on the product. Fruit and flavour may be incorporated at this time, then packaged. The product is now cooled and stored at refrigeration temperatures (5° C) to slow down the physical, chemical and microbiological degradation.

Yogurt Products

There are two types of plain yogurt:

Stirred style yogurt
Set style yogurt

The above description is essentially the manufacturing proceedures for stirred style. In set style, the yogurt is packaged immediately after inoculation with the starter and is incubated in the packages. Other yogurt products include:Fruit-on-the-bottom style: fruit mixture is layered at the bottom followed by inoculated yogurt, incubation occurs in the sealed cups Soft-serve and Hard Pack frozen yogurt Continental, French, and Swiss: stirred style yogurt with fruit preparation Yogurt Beverages Drinking yogurt is essentially stirred yogurt which has a total solids content not exceeding 11% and which has undergone homogenization to further reduce the viscosity, Flavouring and colouring are invariably added. Heat treatment may be applied to extend the storage life. HTST pasteurization with aseptic processing will give a shelf life of several weeks at 2-4°C, which UHT processes with aseptic packaging will give a shelf life of several weeks at room temperature.

Other Fermented Milk Beverages

Cultured Buttermilk This product was originally the fermented byproduct of butter manufacture, but today it is more common to produce cultured buttermilks from skim or whole milk. The culture most frequently used in S. lactis, , perhaps also spp. cremoris. Milk is usually heated to 95°C and cooled to 20-25°C before the addition of the starter culture. Starter is added at 1-2% and the fermentation is allowed to proceed for 16-20 hours, to an acidity of 0.9% lactic acid. This product is frequently used as an ingredient in the baking industry, in addition to being packaged for sale in the retail trade. Acidophilus milk Acidophilus milk is a traditional milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), which has been thought to have therapeutic benefits in the gastrointestinal tract. Skim or whole milk may be used. The milk is heated to high temperature, e.g., 95°C for 1 hour, to reduce the microbial load and favour the slow growing LA culture. Milk is inoculated at a level of 2-5% and incubated at 37°C until coagulated. Some acidophilus milk has an acidity as high as 1% lactic acid, but for therapeutic purposes 0.6-0.7% is more common. Another variation has been the introduction of a sweet acidophilus milk, one in which the LA culture has been added but there has been no incubation. It is thought that the culture will reach the GI tract where its therapeutic effects will be realized, but the milk has no fermented qualities, thus delivering the benefits without the high acidity and flavour, considered undesirable by some people. Sour Cream Cultured cream usually has a fat content between 12-30%, depending on the required properties. The starter is similar to that used for cultured buttermilk. The cream after standardization is usually heated to 75-80°C and is homogenized at >13 MPa to improve the texture. Inoculation and fermentation conditions are also similar to those for cultured buttermilk, but the fermentation is stopped at an acidity of 0.6%. Others There are a great many other fermented dairy products, including kefir, koumiss, beverages based on bulgaricus or bifidus strains, labneh, and a host of others. Many of these have developed in regional areas and, depending on the starter organisms used, have various flavours, textures, and components from the fermentation process, such as gas or ethanol.

http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bipret/1998/14/i06/abs/bp980082j.htmlProduction of Amino Acids by Yogurt Bacteria Dora M. Beshkova, Emilina D. Simova,* Ginka I. Frengova, Zhelyazko I. Simov, and Ertan F. Adilov Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Maritza Boulevard, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria Accepted August 26, 1998. Abstract: The dynamics of free amino acid production by the selected strains Streptococcus thermophilus 13a and Lactobacillus bulgaricus 2-11 were studied in pure and mixed cultivations during yogurt starter culture manufacture. L. bulgaricus 2-11 showed the highest activity for producing free amino acids with high individual concentrations over the first hour of growth (50% of the total amount). By the end of milk's full coagulation (4.5 h), 70% of the total amount of amino acids was released. S. thermophilus 13a showed poor proteolytic properties and consumed up to 70% of the free amino acids produced by L. bulgaricus 2-11 in the process of coagulation of milk with the mixed culture. Download the full text: PDF | HTML

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14648980

Comparison of amino acid profiles of milk, yogurt and Turkish kefir

Auteur(s) / Author(s)

GUZEL-SEYDIMZ. B. ; SEYDIMA. C. ; GREENEA. K. ;

Résumé / Abstract

Kefir is a fermented dairy product that is produced by culture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast contained in kefir grains. During fermentation of milk, the amino acid profile changes as a result of microbial growth. The amino acid profile of kefir is important nutritionally because this product has demonstrated antimutagenic properties. Previous researchers have indicated that milk proteins and especially those with high concentrations of sulfur amino acids are important for anticarcinogenicity. In this project, three different methods of determining amino acid concentrations were used. An acid hydrolysis method for total amino acids, a basic method for tryptophan and a performic acid oxidation for cysteine and methionine were used for determinations in samples of milk, yogurt and kefir. Results indicate that only very slight differences in amino acid profiles occurred among the 3 different products. Kefir had higher amounts of threonine (p<0.05), serine (p >0.05), alanine (p>0.05), lysine (p>0.05), and ammonia (p>0.05) than milk or yogurt. Methionine and cysteine amino acids were not significantly different among 3 samples.

Revue / Journal Title

Milchwissenschaft ISSN0026-3788 CODENMILCAD

Source / Source

2003,vol.58,no3-4,pp.158-160[3 page(s) (article)]

Langue / Language

Anglais
Revue : Anglais

Editeur / Publisher

AVA, Kempten, ALLEMAGNE (1946) (Revue)

Localisation / Location

INIST-CNRS, Cote INIST : 4873,35400011087773.0130

Titre du document / Document title
Effect of formulation on protein breakdown, in vitro digestibility, rheological properties and acceptability of tarhana, a traditional Turkish cereal food
Auteur(s) / Author(s)
IBANOGLU S. ; AINSWORTH P. ; WILSON G. ; HAYES G. D. ;
Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)
Manchester metropolitan univ., Manchester M14 6HR, ROYAUME-UNI
Résumé / Abstract
Three formulations of tarhana, a traditional Turkish fermented yogurt-wheat mixture used in soups, were prepared in the laboratory. The effects of white or wholemeal wheat flours and amount of yogurt on the protein breakdown, rheology and acceptability of the samples were measured and the samples were compared with single samples of homemade and commercial tarhana from Turkey. Replacement of white wheat flour with wholemeal flour and increasing the yogurt had little effect on protein breakdown, but the true- to crude-protein ratio fell slightly during fermentation. Tarhana soups behaved as pseudoplastics (η < 1) at 80°C, and those with η values (> 0.8) closer to Newtonian flow (η = 1) were most liked in mouth feel ; however high apparent viscosity and samples with less liked mouth feel were not less liked in overall acceptability than the commercial sample. In vitro digestibility of commercial tarhana was lower than the laboratory prepared tarhana.
Revue / Journal Title
International journal of food science & technology ISSN 0950-5423 CODEN IJFTEZ
Source / Source
1995, vol. 30, no5, pp. 579-585 (17 ref.)
Langue / Language
Anglais
Editeur / Publisher
Blackwell Science, Oxford, ROYAUME-UNI (1987) (Revue)
Mots-clés anglais / English Keywords
Organoleptic properties ; Fermented product ; Cereal product ; Formulation ; Proteins ; Physicochemical properties ; Rheological properties ; Dairy product ; Traditional food stuff ;
Mots-clés français / French Keywords
Propriété organoleptique ; Produit fermenté ; Produit céréalier ; Formulation ; Protéine ; Propriété physicochimique ; Propriété rhéologique ; Produit laitier ; Tarhana ; Aliment traditionnel ;
Mots-clés espagnols / Spanish Keywords
Propiedad organoléptica ; Producto fermentado ; Producto de cereal ; Formulación ; Proteína ; Propiedad fisicoquímica ; Propiedad rheológica ; Producto lácteo ; Alimento tradicional ;
Localisation / Location
INIST-CNRS, Cote INIST : 13345, 35400005275020.0030

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119964463/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
Effect of formulation on protein breakdown, in vitro digestibility, rheological properties and acceptability of tarhana, a traditional Turkish cereal food

SENOL IBANOGLU 1 , PAUL AINSWORTH* 1 , GEORGE WILSON 1 GEORGE D. HAYES 1

1 The Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Correspondence to *Authors' address: Department of Food and Consumer Technology, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Old Hall Lane, Manchester M14 6HR, UK. Fax: + 44 161 2476331, E-mail: P.Ainsworth@mmu.ac.uk

KEYWORDS

Apparent viscosity • fermentation • mouth feel • pseudoplastic behaviour • wheat flour • yogurt

ABSTRACT

Three formulations of tarhana, a traditional Turkish fermented yogurt-wheat mixture used in soups, were prepared in the laboratory. The effects of white or wholemeal wheat flours and amount of yogurt on the protein breakdown, rheology and acceptability of the samples were measured and the samples were compared with single samples of homemade and commercial tarhana from Turkey. Replacement of white wheat flour with wholemeal flour and increasing the yogurt had little effect on protein breakdown, but the true- to crude-protein ratio fell slightly during fermentation. Tarhana soups behaved as pseudoplastics (ñ < 1) at 80°C, and those with ñ values (>0.8) closer to Newtonian flow (ñ= 1) were most liked in mouth feel; however high apparent viscosity and samples with less liked mouth feel were not less liked in overall acceptability than the commercial sample. In vitro digestibility of commercial tarhana was lower than the laboratory prepared tarhana.

Received 16 February 1994, revised and accepted 2 August 1995

http://www.askdrsears.com/html/4/T045700.asp

YOGURT

Topics you will find:

10 REASONS YOGURT IS A TOP HEALTH FOOD

A Tale of Two Yogurts

Yogurt is a great example of how to supermarket shop. Here's a label lesson in choosing a nutrient-dense yogurt that's super for families and spotting one that is, well, sad. Enjoy a cup of Stonyfield’s Oikos Organic Greek Yogurt, Dr. Bill's personal favorite. Later on in the day eat a cup of one of those "lite" or "fit" brands of yogurt. (Generally avoid package hype of "lite" or "fit" as they usually contain artificial colorings and sweeteners.) Notice any difference in how satisfied you are? Now compare the two labels:
Yummy Yogurt	Yucky Yogurt
Calories: 90 Calories from fat: 0 Total Carbs: 9 grams Sugars: 9 grams Protein: 22 grams No added fillers, sweeteners, or colorings.	Calories: 130-200 Calories from fat: 0 Total Carbs: 24-40 grams Sugars: 17-32 grams Protein: 7 grams Fillers: high fructose corn syrup, colorings and other fillers

HOW TO BUY THE HEALTHIEST YOGURT: 5 TIPS

Whole milk yogurt contains approximately 7 grams of milk fat per 8-ounce serving.
Lowfat yogurt contains between 1 and 4 grams (0.5% to 2 %) of milk fat per 8-ounce serving.
Nonfat yogurt contains less than 1/2 gram (less than 0.5%) of milk fat per 8-ounce serving.
In Swiss or custard-style yogurt, fruit and yogurt are mixed together. To insure firmness, a stabilizer, such as gelatin, may be added. This is also called "blended yogurt." Swiss yogurt is fermented in vats and then transferred to cups. This process breaks the gel, so that artificial binders and stabilizers must be added.
Fruit-added or plain yogurt has a runnier consistency. The whey, the clear liquid at the top, should be stirred into the solids.
Yogurt also comes in liquid form, called "kefir," which may contain added sweeteners such as corn syrup.
Heat-treated. Some yogurt manufacturers market "heat-treated yogurt" to prolong shelf life or decrease tartness and produce a more pudding-type texture. While perhaps more appealing to some, the heat treatment of the yogurt after the cultures have been added kills much of the health benefits of the yogurt.

5. The benefits of plain yogurt. Ounce for ounce, plain yogurt is more nutritious than fruit-added preparations. Notice the differences on the labels:

Plain yogurt contains around one-half of the calories of the same amount of fruit-added yogurt.
Plain yogurt contains almost twice the amount of proteins.
Plain yogurt contains fewer fillers.
Plain yogurt contains more calcium.
Plain yogurt contains no added sugar.

If plain yogurt doesn't appeal to you, buy plain yogurt and flavor it with your favorite fruit. This way you control the sweeteners.

5 WAYS TO USE YOGURT AS A NUTRITIOUS SUBSTITUTE

6 HEALTH BENEFITS OF LACTOBACTERIA

chinese input-njs

rockyen — Thu, 28 Aug 2008 16:52:10 CDT

南極星中文輸入

如果您的中文打字仍停留在一個一個鍵慢慢敲注音......
如果您也想偶爾寫一點中文,與朋友家人分享心得.......

15分鐘免費包學會。

各位偶爾心動想用中文寫email的同學、學長們：

8 月12日(周六)上午出席陳立德學長身後在台北的法事，1978級台大電機系到場的學長有陳潛美、許夫傑、及林子牧。結束後大家聊了一下，談到中文輸入，許夫傑學長說他是用注音，慢慢敲，鍵盤上沒注音，就自己準備個對照表。子牧學長問我現在中打是否已很快(看我寫了那麼多文章)，我說：「拜部落格認識新朋友之賜，1979級台大地質系的廖傾移寫了一篇非常好的文章“中文打字 -- 簡單易學，兼學漢語拼音”，她不但分享用漢語拼音的好處及訣竅，遇到我們這些已習慣用注音中打，抗拒改變的LKK，她還不厭其煩，熱臉貼冷屁股地自費主動打長途電話，口頭傳授(自己唸instruction，多難消化啊﹗)僅需15分鐘就學會的漢語拼音，剩下就是靠著廖傾移準備的一張注音拼音對照表，多練習使用就熟能生巧了。其實，我們學注音輸入不也是這樣，拼法還更沒邏輯。最重要的是，漢語拼音根本是趨勢，我們的下一代一定會用到中文，除了台灣，沒有其他地方用注音，在國外還沒有中文鍵盤，自己懶得改變，忍一忍沒問題，下一代何必浪費時間走錯誤的路。那張對照表真的非常好用。我剛開始急著寫完文章，用注音、用蒙恬筆，不想花時間在初學新東西的遲緩適應上，後來被廖傾移無怨無悔的熱情逼得正視漢語拼音輸入的效率，熬過第一個月頻頻看對照表的痛苦，三個月後已開始享受漢語拼音輸入的好處，甚至決定要放棄使用南極星免費試用版，付費($99)買個正版，好好使用它的智慧型輸入。」他們三人聽了，異口同聲要我將那篇文章(連我女兒都把對照表帶去美國唸大學) email 給他們。連他們都心動，我這麼喜歡好東西要和大家分享的人，當下決定將相關文章email 給所有他們班同學，還特別請廖傾移將更多的心得訣竅整理出來，獨立成一篇文章。就算大家用不上中打，也可以教授子女，千萬不要將傾移多年花在找最有效中文輸入的那份心得報告，等閑視之。(註﹕傾移熱愛為文，出版多本作品，大學時就是位校園作家。目前藉由南極星軟體，一小時可以中打1,600字。)

一點小小心願，如果附上的資料(包括一甲子功力 - 13,000個我們常用的辭彙，加入南極星詞典，就好像醍醐灌頂，武功倍增。)果真派上用場，希望有機會讀到各位用中文寫的email。

02
08/18/06

志工家教廖傾移 By appointment through BLOG.

文章內含5個超連結﹐分別是

1. 中文打字 -- 簡單易學，兼學漢語拼音
http://luba.crss.ucsb.edu/~shen/vault/files/ChineseTyping.doc

2. 注音拼音對照表 (最重要的小抄)
http://luba.crss.ucsb.edu/~shen/vault/files/NJXTable.doc

3. 智慧型輸入
http://luba.crss.ucsb.edu/~shen/vault/files/NJXDictionary.doc

4. 心得訣竅
http://luba.crss.ucsb.edu/~shen/vault/files/NJXTips.doc

5. 常用的辭彙 (已加入這一年來02新增的辭彙﹐一甲子功力悉數灌給大家。譬如﹐只要鍵入ll﹐hit enter﹐"林莉"就會出現。請匯入使用)
http://luba.crss.ucsb.edu/~shen/vault/files/newwords.b5

如果有XP軟體﹐不想用南極星(NJX) Word Processor軟體﹐但願意選擇用漢語拼音輸入中文﹐可參考下列文章。

XP兩種中文輸入的方法

Google拼音(大力推薦，非常非常好用.)

相關文章及回應之網址

中文打字 -- 簡單易學，兼學漢語拼音

再談南極星中打

中文打字 -- 簡單易學﹐兼學漢語拼音

各位還不會中打﹐很想學的同學﹐請耐心 follow 我以下的步奏﹐保證你學會。
(這是我用的中打方法﹐其他方法我不會)。
學會了﹐請用中文回應﹐鼓勵其他同學﹐也鼓勵我。請不要誤會我是閒著沒事幹﹐特別愛現﹐其實我跟大家一樣忙。
--- 樂恭誠 1011
1) 到 www.njstar.com 去 download 南極星 Chinese Word Processor.
這是 free 的 demo version, 免費使用三十天。三十天後怎辦﹐請請教同學。
目前先學會使用再說。
2) in tool box, click Help -> Tradition System, 這樣才是繁體﹐不然 default是簡體。
3) Under "File", click "New" to open an editor window.
4) 注意﹕左下角﹐顯示“字詞拼音”﹐右下角﹐如果有一個 X﹐去點一下﹐確定只有“標點”的燈是亮的﹐其他都是暗的。(其他太複雜﹐我也不曾試過)。
5) 現在試打這句話﹐(別急﹐打法﹐以下我會一步步教你)
“我今天家裡亂七八糟﹐你好不好﹖”
這話的漢語拼音是﹕ wo jin tian jia li luan qi ba zao, ni hao bu hao﹖
各位只要完全照著音唸﹐就行了。
6) 這話怎麼打﹖如下﹕
我 --> 打一個 w﹐ 會跑出一串以 “w”開頭﹐跟各母音拼在一起的字﹐越常用的越前面﹐
你就選出“我”來﹐通常是“1”﹐因為“我”很常用。
今天 --> 不要打出全字﹐就打‘jt’(中間不空格)﹐
就會有一串以這兩個子音開頭的可能詞﹐把‘今天’選出來。
家裡 --> ‘jl’
亂七八糟 ->‘lqb’(三個音就夠了﹐第四字不用打﹐試試看。‘q’音‘七’)
你 --> 打一個 ‘n’就夠了
好不好 --> ‘hbh’
7) 學會中打了吧﹖就這麼簡單﹐沒騙你。這軟體真的很聰明﹐很好。
8) 字詞拼音的秘密和竅門﹕
中文是‘詞’的組合﹐儘量用‘詞’的概念去打一個詞﹐不要一個字一個字去打。
如果要打‘慢慢’﹐太懶的話﹐只打‘mm’﹐可能‘媽媽’﹑‘妹妹’這些詞會先跑出來﹐找半天也找不到‘慢慢’﹐你可以打‘manm’﹐或‘mman’﹐拼全前字或後字﹐這詞就被固定了﹐早早跑出來了。
9) 這軟體是大陸人寫的﹐他們用詞﹐有些時候和台灣人不太一樣﹐有些音也不一樣。
比如‘和’﹐我們唸‘漢’﹐他們唸‘何’﹐你如果打‘han’就找不到。‘暫’時﹐我們唸“站”(捲舌)﹐他們唸‘贊’﹐不捲舌。
10) contro-space will shift to ascii mode, then you can type English.
11) copy and paste your Chinese into window files or e-mail:
- In NJX window, ->highlight -> edit ->'copy as' -> unicode Traditional
-Go to Word window (or e-mail) -> paste it
12) 現在你可以認真讀我以下的文章﹐把漢語拼音學清楚。如果還不會﹐打電話來問我﹐電話費你付喔﹗
===========================================================
大家來學漢語拼音
廖傾移 (2004-01-08初稿, 2005-08-03增添結合母音附表)
　這篇文章主要的對象是懂注音符號，卻不懂漢語拼音的讀者。
　漢語拼音是中國大陸採用的拼音系統，也是目前國際上使用最廣泛的漢字拼音系統，這是以英文的廿六個字母符號做為基礎的一套拼音系統。
　多年來，由於政治原因，許多來自台灣、學習注音符號的朋友，非常抗拒漢語拼音。筆者在台灣生，在台灣長大，雖不是語言專家，但自信對語言有一定的敏感度和認知。既懂注音符號，又懂英語拼音的一般法則，我學漢語拼音只用了三分鐘！可以說是不用特別去學，所以我很願意將這心得與朋友們分享。
　這其實完全只是一個觀念問題，有專家認為，對一個幼兒初學華語者，教他注音符號，等於是學漢字入門，除了發音外，也學到漢字的寫法，這是非常正確的看法，至於對那些已經熟知英文字母及英文拼音法則的人，要學漢語拼音實在是易如反掌的事，而朋友們，您跟我都是後者，就讓我們一起來學這易如反掌的拼音法吧！
　首先要明白的是，普通話的標準發音裡有廿一個子音，十六個母音，總共卅七個音，而英文字母只有廿六個，不夠做一對一的表示，所以有些音就用兩個英文字母代替。事實上，注音符號裡的卅七個音，與漢語拼音裡的卅七個英文符號完全是一對一的關係，大家只要知道什麼音是什麼英文符號，就知道漢語拼音要怎麼拼了。
　舉例如下：子音ㄅ、ㄆ、ㄇ、ㄈ就是ｂ、ｐ、ｍ、ｆ，這四個英文字母的發音本來就是ㄅ、ㄆ、ㄇ、ㄈ。母音ㄧ、ㄨ、ㄚ，漢語拼音用ｉ、ｕ、ａ，本也就是發ㄧ、ㄨ、ㄚ的音。所以漢字﹁巴﹂，注音符號拼做﹁ㄅ﹂﹁ㄚ﹂﹁ㄅㄚ﹂，漢語拼音也一樣是﹁ｂ﹂﹁ａ﹂﹁ba﹂，唸法跟拼法與注音符號完全相同。
　有了基本的拼音認識，我們就可談些一般人比較困難的地方了，在廿一個子音裡，前十一個沒問題，注音符號與漢語拼音的符號一般人可以理解，因漢語拼音在這十一個符號的選擇上也是根據傳統的英文發音來選的。但後十個子音，就比較不是一般人熟悉的了。原則是，不浪費符號，英文裡ｋ跟ｃ都是發﹁刻﹂的音，漢語拼音把ｋ定做﹁ㄎ﹂音，於是就把﹁ｃ﹂另外定一個發音了，它定的是﹁ㄘ﹂的音。
關於這廿一個子音，請見附表一，請大家尤其注意後十個子音的漢語拼音代表符號。
最容易讓一般人弄不清的是 q 發﹁ㄑ﹂的音﹐c 發﹁ㄘ﹂的音﹐ 所以 qin 是﹁秦﹂﹐ 不是唸﹁ queen ﹂﹐cao cao是﹁曹操﹂﹐不是﹁靠靠﹂﹐cai xin是﹁菜心﹂﹐不是﹁開心﹂。雖有人覺得﹁ㄑ﹂還是用 ch比較好﹐但是 ch 已經被定義為﹁ㄔ﹂的音﹐所以﹁ㄑ﹂只好另外用一個字母q了﹐同理﹐﹁ㄎ﹂已經用 k代表了﹐c 就用來定義﹁ㄘ﹂的音﹐大家了解這原因﹐很快就會習慣的。此外﹐捲舌的ㄓ、ㄔ、ㄕ是zh、ch、sh﹐不捲舌的ㄗ、ㄘ、ㄙ就去掉h﹐用z、c、s﹐筆者認為這也是很合邏輯的。
　談完了子音，我們談母音，母音其實完全就是以一般習慣的英文發音做標準來決定相應的符號，大家在附表二可以看得很清楚。比較要小心的是﹁eng﹂發的是﹁ㄥ﹂的音，不要唸成﹁ㄣ﹂，所以﹁feng﹂是﹁風﹂，不是﹁分﹂。台灣來的朋友容易把﹁風﹂唸成﹁fong﹂，多加了一個﹁歐﹂的音在裡面，那是不標準的，大家唸﹁ㄥ﹂的時候要小心些，不要唸成﹁ㄨㄥ﹂。
　接下來，要舉出一些特例，首先是﹁知、吃、師、日、滋、刺、絲﹂這幾個字，注音符號只用ㄓ、ㄔ、ㄕ、ㄖ…就可以了，但漢語拼音時，子音是不可以單獨存在的，所以這些字都要用一個﹁ｉ﹂做母音，拼成﹁zhi﹂、﹁chi﹂、﹁shi﹂、﹁ri﹂、﹁zi﹂、﹁ci﹂、﹁si﹂。
　另外，關於結合(複合)母音﹐詳情請參看附表三﹐此處僅舉數例說明。﹁會﹂和﹁群﹂，根據表格ㄏㄨㄟ應為huei，ㄑㄩㄣ應為quen，但這兩個複母音中的﹁ｅ﹂都被省略了，用hui跟qun即可。至於﹁魏﹂，就特別點，不是拼做uei，而是wei，因為這裡的﹁ｗ﹂是個子音，它未被列在表裡，因為﹁烏﹂在一般情況下都是母音，只有在娃、王、魏等字裡是個子音。同理﹐字母y也是用在跟母音拼在一起時才用﹐ 比如雅﹐葉﹐宜﹐友﹐玉是ya, ye, yi, you, yu。另外，﹁秀﹂是﹁ㄒㄧㄡ﹂，拼做﹁xiu﹂，不是﹁xiou﹂，﹁ｏ﹂也省掉了。
大家另外會有疑問的是母音ㄨ、ㄩ都是﹁ｕ﹂，怎麼分別，還有ㄜ跟ㄝ，都是﹁ｅ﹂怎麼分別？其實多數情況下，會跟﹁ㄨ﹂拼在一起的子音不會跟﹁ㄩ﹂拼在一起，會跟﹁ㄜ﹂拼在一起的也不會跟﹁ㄝ﹂拼在一起，反之亦然，所以問題不大，比如﹁何﹂拼做he，你一定是唸ㄏㄜ，你不會唸ㄏㄝ，﹁葉﹂拼做ye，你一定唸ㄝ，不會唸ㄜ。至於ㄨ跟ㄩ，有時有點困擾比如﹁努﹂跟﹁女﹂，原來ㄩ字應用羅馬字母﹁ｕ﹂加頭上兩點代表，但英文字母裡沒有這字，所以用兩個ｕ代表，﹁努﹂拼做﹁nu﹂，而﹁女﹂就拼做﹁nuu﹂了。(請注意 ﹐有些軟體用 v 代表母音ㄩ) 。
　就這樣，您也是漢語拼音專家了，如還有什麼小問題，隨便找個大陸來懂漢語拼音的朋友問問就懂了，大家可上網 www.google.com 網站，打入﹁si shu﹂，會有一大堆有關四書的資料顯給你喔！或者你打入﹁ya zhou tian wang﹂，看看會有多少亞洲天王的資料顯給你，祝你好運。
　附記：如果要加四聲，必要時在字旁附註１、２、３、４即可。
附表一：注音符號與漢語拼音子音對照表
注音符號漢語拼音
ㄅㄆㄇㄈ b p m f
ㄉㄊㄋㄌ d t n l
ㄍㄎㄏ g k h
ㄐㄑㄒ j q x
ㄓㄔㄕㄖ zh ch sh r
ㄗㄘㄙ z c s
附表二：注音符號與漢語拼音母音對照表
注音符號漢語拼音
ㄧㄨㄩ i u u(u)/v
(yi wu yu – 單母音成字時)
ㄚㄛㄜㄝ a o e e
ㄞㄟㄠㄡ ai ei ao ou
ㄢㄣㄤㄥ an en ang eng
ㄦ er
附表三：注音符號與漢語拼音結合母音(20 個)對照表
注音符號漢語拼音
ㄧㄚㄧㄝㄧㄠㄧㄡ ia ie iao iu
( ya ye yao you )
ㄧㄢㄧㄣㄧㄤㄧㄥ ian in iang ing
( yan yin yang ying )
ㄨㄚㄨㄛㄨㄞㄨㄟ ua uo uai ui
( wa wo wai wei )
ㄨㄢㄨㄣㄨㄤㄨㄥ uan un uang ong
( wan wen wang weng )
ㄩㄝㄩㄢㄩㄣㄩㄥ ue uan un iong
(yue yuan yun yong )
( 註﹕括弧裡是這些複合母音單獨成字音時的拼法 )

視訊會議多媒體整合專家圖像科技,全球知名品牌經銷商,各種先進會議設備,市場好評不斷!www.imagetech.com.tw

Ads by Google

美國行之一←上一篇 │首頁│ 下一篇→塞北的雪 -- 廖傾移老師的獨唱

回應

常見錯別字&統一字表 -
http://trypub.googlepages.com/phrases

Adam 在新浪部落於 2008/07/14 12:38 AM 回應　

好烏龜﹐多謝妳的再次背書。希望大家都能很快用中文打字。

西湖在新浪部落於 2006/09/21 01:57 PM 回應　

"簡單易學"我師父説的是真的.

烏龜在新浪部落於 2006/09/21 11:54 AM 回應　

瀚儀﹐妳覺得中打很困難嗎﹖要不要趕快加入15分鐘中打門﹖妳不用上束脩﹑行拜師大禮﹐只要去把以下文章仔細讀一讀﹐就算本門桃李了。保證妳15分鐘內﹐中打痛苦就會消失了。這文章也可從木頭的網站去看﹐那是原文﹐format 可能更好一點。

妳只要讀了這文章﹐一步步照做﹐立刻就跟1056﹑1021﹑333﹑749﹑837﹑烏龜﹑02﹐2055 ……都成同門師姐妹了﹐而且﹐從此就可快樂輕鬆打中文了。

http://blog.sina.com.tw/tfghs/article.php?pbgid=8608&entryid=6781

http://mutou1111.tripod.com/cgi-bin/res.cgi (這是木頭的網站﹐到“學習天地”去找)

15分鐘中打師父在新浪部落於 2006/02/26 12:58 PM 回應　

再談南極星中打

為什麼有人能用南極星中打﹐打到一小時1600字﹖

這回我真的可以大聲說了﹐妳們還在用Microsoft 注音的﹐趕快轉到南極星。
因為認真的我﹐為了講話能夠理直氣壯﹐剛剛費了好大的勁﹐自己把微軟的中文裝起來了(啊﹗我簡直不能相信﹐我有這麼大的本事)。我去試了微軟的中文打字﹐實在比南極星慢多了﹐我講話是有證據的﹐妳們聽好﹕
1。微軟是可以幫我們選字﹐省了自己選。但是每一個字都必須把拼音全打全(不論你用注音還是漢語拼音﹐原理都一樣。)﹐舉例來說﹐下面這句話﹕
“我最愛你們這些老同學”﹐
漢語拼音是 wo zui ai ni men zhe xie lao tong xue. 一共是28個鍵。
如果是注音(我的鍵盤打不出來﹐故從略)﹐總共是24個符號。
(雖然注音少打幾個鍵﹐但你得重新記鍵盤的位置﹐不像漢語拼音﹐用的就是英文鍵盤﹐所以﹐漢語拼音還是比注音好用)
2。現在﹐來看這句話﹐南極星怎麼打﹕
我最愛你們這些老同學
w(1) zui(1) ai(1) nm(1) zhx(1) lao(1) tx(1) --- 總共敲鍵23次﹐其中7次是去敲(1)來選字﹐這些全都是選1﹐因為這些詞都是最常用﹐排在第一。所以實際等於只要打16個鍵。
這裡﹐我﹑最﹑愛﹑老﹐都是單獨的字﹐其中“最”跟“老”都是雙母音﹐所以我把它們全打出來﹐再選(1)﹐ 要比我僅打一個開頭子音﹐讓它替我把所有可能的配字列出﹐我自己眼睛再掃過一大堆字後再選﹐要快很多。
其他﹐你們﹑這些﹑同學﹐都是詞﹐我打兩個開頭子音﹐它就自動給我配出來了。
3。你們還不承認以上兩種比較﹐已高下立判了嗎﹖那麼試下面這句﹕
今天外面冷冰冰﹐可是我家熱乎乎﹐你們趕快來我家。
南極星最快的打法是
jt(1) wm(1 or 2) lbb(1), kshi(1) wj(1) rhh(1), nm(1) gk(1) l(2) wj(1)
其中 wm 可能是我們或外面﹐所以選 1 或 2。“l”﹐因為“了”的出現頻率比“來”高﹐所以“來” 是第2個。
這句話﹐你如果微軟中打會快過南極星﹐我就認輸﹐你知道﹐要我認輸﹐可不容易。
4。微軟打法﹐雖不用自己選字﹐但它替你選﹐會有錯字﹐得隨時回去修改。南極星﹐邊打編選﹐要的字都是自己選的﹐不太會出錯﹐也不需回頭修改。
5。我們中文的思考﹐其實是以詞為單位﹐並不是以整句話為單位﹐所以南極星的設計﹐才是最貼近我們思路的設計。用南極星﹐是一個詞一個詞想﹐一個詞一個詞打﹐你的中文能力越好﹐詞語越是豐富﹐南極星的好處就越顯著。
6。好啦﹗我說夠了﹐南極星又沒付我錢做marketing﹐這文章給微軟的人看到﹐說不定要告我破壞名譽﹐害他們損失市場﹐妳們看我擔的風險有多大。我是純為妳們大家好﹐希望減少大家打中文的挫折﹐但我苦口婆心說了這麼多﹐自己也覺得像個超級雞婆﹐妳們如果還是不聽﹐那我也沒輒啦﹗
樂恭誠1011

視訊會議多媒體整合專家圖像科技,全球知名品牌經銷商,各種先進會議設備,市場好評不斷!www.imagetech.com.tw

Ads by Google

XP兩種中文輸入的方法←上一篇 │首頁│ 下一篇→粉紅櫻花朵朵開

本文引用網址：

回應

C: Documents and SettingsOwnerApplication DAtaNJStarNJStar Chinese WPnewwords.

Mine is different. I believe itdepends on computer.

NJX user 在新浪部落於 2008/07/08 11:06 AM 回應　

多謝甲妹的南極星檔, 我們真是幸運耶! 南極星公司該聘妳為顧問送妳個甲極星. 聽說天上億萬的星星, 可以花錢命個名. 老大為他的前前女友就曾做過這事. 只不過兩人拜拜後, 那星不知還有沒有人照顧了... well, 孩子們的事能少管就少管喽.對孩子與家庭, 漸有被烤兩頭燒的感覺 ... 蠟燭嘛?

米在新浪部落於 2008/07/07 11:19 PM 回應　

木頭大師告知﹐近日極忙﹐可能要幾天才能處理好。等木大師處理好了﹐他會告訴我們的。謝謝大家。

阿甲在新浪部落於 2008/07/07 10:38 PM 回應　

各位朋友﹐阿甲這兩天﹐花了很多時間﹐做了一個檔﹐那裡面是前幾天阿甲貼過的大
陸做的統計當代漢語出版物中最常見的100個別字
跟以教育部國語辭典為準的常用錯別字表。
(謝謝電機系學長洪振東提供這部份資料給阿甲)。
阿甲將這些字﹐跟南極星裡面原有的辭還有木頭提供給大家的一萬字成語做了比較﹐去掉重複的﹐做了一個新檔。阿甲已將此檔寄給木頭大師﹐請木頭大師將它放進他的Resource link 裡。請用南極星的朋友將此檔load 到南極星裡﹐希望大家會覺得有用。
另外﹐阿甲終於找到南極星裡﹐我們自己加辭﹐那個file 在哪裡﹐已經知道的朋友﹐不用聽阿甲的﹐還不知道的朋友﹐(02﹐ 妳可能要仔細聽﹗)﹐ 那個file是在
C: Documents and SettingsOwnerApplication DAtaNJStarNJStar Chinese WPnewwords.
就是這個 file﹐存了所有我們自己新設的辭語。所以﹐如果您要換電腦或什麼的﹐記得這個 file 可不能丟了。

阿甲在新浪部落於 2008/07/07 10:13 AM 回應　

http://blog.sina.com.tw/tfghs/trackback.php?pbgid=8608&entryid=8616

鄭光祐在新浪部落於 2007/10/12 09:12 PM 回應　

1056﹐ 金金金............. 金兜蝦。真是知心知情金姊妹。

話多慢郎中﹐多謝。

是的﹐如果不用思考﹐只是照書打字﹐完全只是機械性的input﹐應該是可以很快很
快吧﹐就跟機器的功能一樣。不過如果真有話要說﹐而且還說得很認真的話﹐一小
時1600字﹐應該不算慢了吧。

1056說得對﹐現在好像是比1600多了一些﹐不過多多少﹐實在沒有算過。其實﹐打
字本來就只是一個工具﹐大家只要能用得順手就好﹐不要覺得受困於工具﹐有口難
言就成了。每個人思考說話的速度都不一樣﹐打字也沒必要去比誰打得快﹐如果打
字打得飛快﹐但完全言不及義﹐那又何必﹖一小時一千六百字﹐也許在打字高手眼
裡﹐實在不值一提﹐但當初寫在這裡﹐不是為了炫耀它有多快﹐是為了鼓勵因中打
而覺得備受挫折的兄弟姐妹們﹐意思是我能一小時打一千六百字﹐你也能。我自己
剛開始中打﹐一小時打不到五百字﹐那種感覺很挫折痛苦﹐等到自己一小時可以打
一千六百字了﹐覺得是一種精神上很大的自由﹐所以很希望趕快鼓勵這裡的朋友們﹐
也藉此把自己的一點心得跟大家分享一下。倒是沒有絲毫意思要說一小時一千六百
字有多快。

打字高手﹐您若有什麼快速中打妙招﹐歡迎您來此指點大家﹐多謝指教。

X. H. 在新浪部落於 2007/04/06 10:52 AM 回應　

打字高手﹐

那您可真是高手﹗寫這篇文章的西湖﹐現在的速度大概又超過 1600/hr 了﹐只不過﹐咱們這些人用中打﹐一﹐不是拿它來吃飯﹔二﹐是半百才當吹鼓手﹐初學咋練﹐有待改進﹔三﹐是同時還包括思考﹐寫景抒情的時間﹐才得出 1600/hr的數字﹔如果你有什麼中文快速打字的心得﹐請您不吝指教分享﹐我們也是很想百尺竿頭﹐更進一步的。

1056 在新浪部落於 2007/04/06 07:20 AM 回應　

要我一分鐘打26個同樣的字,都莫法度.

話多慢郎中在新浪部落於 2007/04/05 06:55 PM 回應　

反問一下「打到一小時1600字﹖」
這是指一個小時打１６００個字
還是打了１個小時平均１分鐘１６００個字？
如果是一個小時才打１６００個字的話…真的太慢了
平均才２６個字
如果是１分鐘打１６００個字，…這真的太神了
以我聽過跟比賽過的經驗
打最快的人也沒超過３００

打字高手在新浪部落於 2007/04/05 06:39 PM 回應　

桃萼仙﹐多謝誇獎﹐談不上好棒﹐自己愛講話﹐有了點心得﹐又愛跟人分享而已。但重點是﹐妳想﹐若非南極星這麼好用﹐妳們這些好同學﹐怎麼可能看到我寫這麼多東西﹖我早就邊打中文﹐邊急出心臟病來了。看﹗南極星打‘心臟病’﹐只要打xzb 三個子音就好啦﹐妳說快不快﹖我希望妳也能很快熟練﹐常常來這裡跟我們聊天﹐不要老做沉默觀眾﹐OK﹖

愛講話在新浪部落於 2006/02/08 01:12 PM 回應　

樂恭誠1011, 妳好棒!

桃萼仙在新浪部落於 2006/02/08 12:57 PM 回應　

這是軟體本身的智慧設計問題﹐微軟的中打﹐即使用了企鵝跟749的方法﹐還是不可能快過南極星﹐而且差很多﹐文章越長﹐時間差得就越多。

有經驗的在新浪部落於 2006/02/08 12:30 PM 回應　

On the language bar, click on the down arrow, and click 'setting'. Select the CH language, click 'property', and under the 'general' tab, you will see 'input mode', and there should be 'Incomplete input' and 'Fuzzy input' that you can check....check both!

企鵝在新浪部落於 2006/02/07 01:16 PM 回應　

超級雞婆真的是非常認真，竟自己做了一番實驗，並且將實驗結果公諸於世。叫人沒法兒再找藉口啦。

借題發揮，來信收到。謝謝。

2056 在新浪部落於 2006/02/07 01:12 PM 回應　

For Microsoft input, if you check "fuzzy input" and "incomplete input" then

you don't have to type out everything (but I am still soooooooo slow)!

企鵝在新浪部落於 2006/02/07 01:11 PM 回應　

南極星中文文書處理系統 NJStar Chinese Word Processor 5.20

南極星中文文書處理系統是一個不附加於任何程式之上、並能夠在所有語言文字版本的微軟 Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP 視窗環境下獨立運行的軟體。
其內建有 20 多種常用中文輸入法、多種南極星中文全真字體及便利的中英文雙向詞典和漢字信息庫，並具有繁簡自動多內碼識別/轉換功能。
是一個從初學者到專業寫作人員全面兼顧的中文軟體，本軟體被哈佛大學遴選為中文高級班的教學輔助軟體。

主要功能:
輸入, 編輯, 轉換, 格式化和打印中文文檔;
同時支持簡體中文和繁體中文;
即時中英/英中雙向翻譯字典;
準確快速的中文手寫輸入(限專業版);
中文文字發音 (限專業版);
超過20多種的先進中文輸入方法;
多達10款的漂亮中文全真字體 (TTF);
中文豎向打印;
在同一行上輸入, 編輯簡體中文, 繁體中文或英語;
帶有眾多的中文學習工具, 例如"轉換漢字到拼音", "今日漢字", "漢字信息", "學習字詞列表";和漢字筆劃輸入表.系統要求:

南極星全球通2.73版本界面简单, 功能强大, 中日韩文字一网打尽 界面簡單,功能強大,中日韓文字一網打盡 南极星全球通为您的英文(或其他西方文字)视窗随时增加中日韩 (中文, 日文和韩文)文字的显示，输入及转换的功能。南極星全球通為您的英文(或其他西方文字)視窗隨時增加中日韓 (中文,日文和韓文)文字的顯示，輸入及轉換的功能。无需重新启动电脑，更不需要安装微软中日韩视窗。無需重新啟動電腦，更不需要安裝微軟中日韓視窗。如果你的视窗是中日韩视窗，南极星全球通也能为您显示，输入及转换非本机语言。如果你的視窗是中日韓視窗，南極星全球通也能為您顯示，輸入及轉換非本機語言。
虽然微软视窗的中日韩功能越来越强，但在很多软件或场合下微软是无能为您解决中日韩的读写问题。雖然微軟視窗的中日韓功能越來越強，但在很多軟件或場合下微軟是無能為您解決中日韓的讀寫問題。如果你在任何视窗上有中日韩文字乱码或不能输入的问题，使用南极星一切问题都迎刃而解。如果你在任何視窗上有中日韓文字亂碼或不能輸入的問題，使用南極星一切問題都迎刃而解。
南极星全球通包括: 南極星全球通包括:

南极星中日韩文字阅读器(NJWIN) ;南極星中日韓文字閱讀器(NJWIN) ;
南极星中文输入法- 多种方法;南極星中文輸入法-多種方法;
南极星日文输入法- 多种方法;南極星日文輸入法-多種方法;
南极星韩文输入法- 多种方法;南極星韓文輸入法-多種方法;
南极星中日韩编码万能转换器 ;南極星中日韓編碼萬能轉換器 ;
南极星邮件快递- 将中日韩信息用图像格式发送;南極星郵件快遞-將中日韓信息用圖像格式發送;
南极星SMTP本机服务器-用于邮件快递。南極星SMTP本機服務器-用於郵件快遞。

南极星全球通特殊功能南極星全球通特殊功能

系统要求: 系統要求:

视窗95/98/ME/2000/2003/XP/Vista (暂不支持Mac/Unix/Linux)視窗95/98/ME/2000/2003/XP/Vista (暫不支持Mac/Unix/Linux)
15MB硬盘空间 15MB硬盤空間

南極星全球通2.73版功能改進 (發布日期: 2008-04-18)

新增: Windows Vista 兼容;新增: Windows Vista兼容;
新增: 显示小号文字用的漂亮字体(10x10 和12x12);新增:顯示小號文字用的漂亮字體(10x10和12x12);
改进: 尽可能使用不通过剪贴板的输入方式，以免破坏剪贴板内容；改進:盡可能使用不通過剪貼板的輸入方式，以免破壞剪貼板內容；
改进: 统一码(Unicode)与Big5 和GB 转换；改進:統一碼(Unicode)與Big5和GB轉換；
修正:Ultra Editor, Scintella/N++ Editor & Pidgin 2.2.x 无法输入的问题；修正:Ultra Editor, Scintella/N++ Editor & Pidgin 2.2.x無法輸入的問題；
修正: 在Windows XP MCE 上死机问题;修正:在Windows XP MCE上死機問題;
修正: 其它一些用户报告的小问题。修正:其它一些用戶報告的小問題。

南极星全球通2.70 版功能改进: 南極星全球通2.70版功能改進:

自动更正剪贴板上统一码(Unicode)和双字节码(DBCS)转换问题，粘贴时不再出现问号'?????'.自動更正剪貼板上統一碼(Unicode)和雙字節碼(DBCS)轉換問題，粘貼時不再出現問號'?????'.
支持香港标准字集HKSCS 2004 和统一码(Unicode) 4.1;支持香港標準字集HKSCS 2004和統一碼(Unicode) 4.1;
更新仓颉, 简易, 粤拼(Jyutping)和广东拼音输入法，全部支持HKSCS;更新倉頡,簡易,粵拼(Jyutping)和廣東拼音輸入法，全部支持HKSCS;
更新PSAPI.dll以便兼容Internet Explorer 7;更新PSAPI.dll以便兼容Internet Explorer 7;
改进双桥(Twinbridge)系统Unicoded DBCS码的转换;改進雙橋(Twinbridge)系統Unicoded DBCS碼的轉換;
支持EACC (Eastern Asian Character Code) 与统一码及其它双字节码的转换;支持EACC (Eastern Asian Character Code)與統一碼及其它雙字節碼的轉換;
修正其它2.6中出现的小问题。修正其它2.6中出現的小問題。

南极星全球通2.60 版功能改进: 南極星全球通2.60版功能改進:

统一码(Unicode)和双字节码(DBCS)之间智能复制;統一碼(Unicode)和雙字節碼(DBCS)之間智能複制;
纠正SpywareDoctor 不让输入到IE的问题;糾正SpywareDoctor不讓輸入到IE的問題;
增加终端程序中自动侦测划线字符选择项;增加終端程序中自動偵測劃線字符選擇項;
增加输入到统一码(Unicode)应用程序输入方式，避免使用剪贴板;增加輸入到統一碼(Unicode)應用程序輸入方式，避免使用剪貼板;
输入法程序将用户字典存入%AppData% 文件夹;輸入法程序將用戶字典存入%AppData%文件夾;
更小更快的安装程序;更小更快的安裝程序;
其它一些修正和改进。其它一些修正和改進。

南极星全球通2.51 版功能改进 : 南極星全球通2.51 版功能改進 :

在显示，输入和转换中支持中文国标GB18030;在顯示，輸入和轉換中支持中文國標GB18030;
在WINDOWS 9x/ME 中支持本地化的中日韩程序/游戏;在WINDOWS 9x/ME中支持本地化的中日韓程序/遊戲;
增加中文广东话输入法;增加中文廣東話輸入法;
南极星多码万能转换器增加命令行功能;南極星多碼萬能轉換器增加命令行功能;
独立的本地邮件SMTP服务器;獨立的本地郵件SMTP服務器;
英文界面增加用法提示;英文界面增加用法提示;
改进UTF8 判断法;改進UTF8判斷法;
韩文码由KSC改进为Unified Hangul Codes(微软字集949);韓文碼由KSC改進為Unified Hangul Codes(微軟字集949);
韩文码自动侦测KSC和UTF8.韓文碼自動偵測KSC和UTF8.

南极星全球通2.5版主要功能 南極星全球通2.5版主要功能

繁简汉字全球通 繁簡漢字全球通
- 将大陆的简体网站，邮件，文件等自动转换为繁体字；將大陸的簡體網站，郵件，文件等自動轉換為繁體字；
- 将台湾/香港的繁体网站，邮件，文件等自动转换为简体字。將台灣/香港的繁體網站，郵件，文件等自動轉換為簡體字。
自动编码识别:在中日韩各语言范围内自动侦测各种编码 自動編碼識別:在中日韓各語言範圍內自動偵測各種編碼
- 中文(GB, GBK, GB18030, Big5, Unicode, UTF8/UTF7, HZ-8, HZ-7, ISO-2022, MIME..)中文(GB, GBK, GB18030, Big5, Unicode, UTF8/UTF7, HZ-8, HZ-7, ISO-2022, MIME..)
- 日文(Shift-JIS, EUC-JIS, New-JIS, Unicode, UTF8/UTF7, ISO-2022, MIME)日文(Shift-JIS, EUC-JIS, New-JIS, Unicode, UTF8/UTF7, ISO-2022, MIME)
- 韩文(KSC, Unicode, UTF8/UTF7, ISO-2022, MIME)韓文(KSC, Unicode, UTF8/UTF7, ISO-2022, MIME)
适应于任何视窗版: Windows 95/98/NT/2000/2003/XP/Vista 適應於任何視窗版: Windows 95/98/NT/2000/2003/XP/Vista
支持任何语言视窗:南极星运行于各种微软视窗，包括英文/西方视窗, 中文简体，中文繁体，日文及韩文视窗。 支持任何語言視窗:南極星運行於各種微軟視窗，包括英文/西方視窗,中文簡體，中文繁體，日文及韓文視窗。
多种中日韩输入法: 多種中日韓輸入法:
- 中文: 拼音, 双拼, 注音, 粤拼, 广东, 仓颉, 简易, 五笔, 英汉, 电报, 四角, 首尾, 耶鲁,Wade-Giles 等等.中文:拼音,雙拼,注音,粵拼,廣東,倉頡,簡易,五筆,英漢,電報,四角,首尾,耶魯,Wade-Giles等等.
- 日文: 羅馬字、仮名漢字、Bushu, Halpern, Nelson, Pinyin, Stroke#.日文:羅馬字、仮名漢字、Bushu, Halpern, Nelson, Pinyin, Stroke#.
- 韩文: Hangul 漢字韓文: Hangul漢字
独特的部首检字法:南极星让用户指定某字形成的多个部首, 很快找到这个字。 獨特的部首檢字法:南極星讓用戶指定某字形成的多個部首,很快找到這個字。
兼容各种互联网软件:支持最新的浏览器Mozzila Firefox 1/2/3, IE5, IE6 and IE7, 电子邮件客户端软件Eudora, Outlook Express,Thunderbird,及各种即时通信软件: AOL AIM, MSN Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, ICQ, QQ, Feition etc. 兼容各種互聯網軟件:支持最新的瀏覽器Mozzila Firefox 1/2/3, IE5, IE6 and IE7,電子郵件客戶端軟件Eudora, Outlook Express,Thunderbird,及各種即時通信軟件: AOL AIM, MSN Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, ICQ, QQ, Feition etc.
易学易用:每天一招教你绝技，在线帮助让你对南极星有全面了解。 易學易用:每天一招教你絕技，在線幫助讓你對南極星有全面了解。
图像邮件快递 : 对那些不能读中日韩文字邮件客户，你就使用南极星中日韩图像邮件快递，传情达意不费力。 圖像郵件快遞 :對那些不能讀中日韓文字郵件客戶，你就使用南極星中日韓圖像郵件快遞，傳情達意不費力。
SMTP 邮件服务器:如果你的互联网服务商(ISP)不提供邮件外发服务器(SMTP), 你可以使用南极星自带的本地SMTP服务器； SMTP郵件服務器:如果你的互聯網服務商(ISP)不提供郵件外發服務器(SMTP),你可以使用南極星自帶的本地SMTP服務器；
输出码任意转换:一般情况输出码随显示码，但你可以根据需要自由选择，比如： 輸出碼任意轉換:一般情況輸出碼隨顯示碼，但你可以根據需要自由選擇，比如：
- 用简体中文输入法输入，输出繁体中文各种编码，及日文/韩文码；用簡體中文輸入法輸入，輸出繁體中文各種編碼，及日文/韓文碼；
- 用繁体中文输入法输入，输出简体中文各种编码，及日文/韩文码；用繁體中文輸入法輸入，輸出簡體中文各種編碼，及日文/韓文碼；
- 用日文输入法输入，输出中文/韩文编码;用日文輸入法輸入，輸出中文/韓文編碼;
- 用韩文输入法输入，输出中文/日文编码。用韓文輸入法輸入，輸出中文/日文編碼。
兼容Office 97/2000/XP/2003/2007:在微软办公软件中自由输入中日韩文字，与亚洲客户合作更亲切。 兼容Office 97/2000/XP/2003/2007:在微軟辦公軟件中自由輸入中日韓文字，與亞洲客戶合作更親切。
中日韩多码万能转换器 : 支持剪贴板和文件中各种中日韩编码的转换 中日韓多碼萬能轉換器 :支持剪貼板和文件中各種中日韓編碼的轉換
- 自动更正中日韩网页HTML中"charset=" meta tag!自動更正中日韓網頁HTML中"charset=" meta tag!
- 自动侦测中日韩各语言范围内各种编码;自動偵測中日韓各語言範圍內各種編碼;
- 独特的"中日韩文字=> GIF图像" 转换獨特的"中日韓文字=> GIF圖像"轉換
  [ 更多关于"多码万能转换器" ] [ 更多關於"多碼萬能轉換器" ]

免费下载 免費下載

我们提高免费的30天试用版，请先下载试用，满意后再购买完整的注册版。我們提高免費的30天試用版，請先下載試用，滿意後再購買完整的註冊版。

南極星全球通v2.7
软件大小軟件大小	5.77 MB 5.77 MB
软件类别軟件類別	国产软件/字典翻译國產軟件/字典翻譯
运行环境運行環境	Win2003, WinXp, Win2000, Nt, WinMe, Win9x Win2003, WinXp, Win2000, Nt, WinMe, Win9x
授权方式授權方式	共享版共享版
软件等级軟件等級
软件语言軟件語言	英文英文
整理时间整理時間	2006-11-10 14:39:47 2006-11-10 14:39:47
插件情况插件情況
相关连接相關連接	www.njstar.com/com..
开发作者開發作者
界面预览界面預覽

chinese input

rockyen — Thu, 28 Aug 2008 15:54:45 CDT

紫光拼音输入法正式版3.0.0.3045
我认为这是最好的拼音输入法,把拼音输入法推向了一个新境界，界面也蛮酷的，因该说经过一段时间的适应之后基本可以跟上思维的速度了。
紫光拼音输入法是一个完全面向用户的，基于汉语拼音的中文字、词及短语输入法。提供全拼和双拼功能，繁体中文输入.并可以使用拼音的不完整输入（简拼）。双拼输入时可以实时提示双拼编码信息，无需记忆。大容量精选词库，收录8万多条常用词、短语、地名、人名以及数字，优先显示常用字词，而字词的使用频度（词频〕则从一亿七千万字语料中统计而来。支持GBK大字符集。智能组词能力：对于词库中没有的词或短语，紫光拼音输入法可以搜寻相关的字和词，帮您组成所需的词或短语。组词算法同样以一亿七千万字语料的统计信息为基础，组词速度快，准确率高。词和短语输入中的自学习能力：包括自动造词、动态调整词频、自动隐藏低频词。智能调整字序，可根据用户前一次的输入情况，动态调整汉字的优先选择顺序。紫光拼音输入法的前身是李国华设计的考拉拼音输入法。
此版本内包含百度的IE搜索伴侣.

紫光華宇拼音輸入法v6.1正式版
V6.1在保持了V6的优势功能基础之上，通过构建特有的统计语言算法，使整句输入准确率取得空前跃进。 V6.1在保持了V6的優勢功能基礎之上，通過構建特有的統計語言算法，使整句輸入準確率取得空前躍進。经过对多种文字素材的大范围海量测试，整句输入平均准确率高达70％左右，成为拼音输入法领域的领跑者；程序自动更新的实现，为工作忙碌的您提供便捷的软件下载途径，只需一个点击，新版程序自动完成升级；同时V6.1继续对词库进行了完善，精心校对现有词条，大量收纳互联网上流行词汇、热门搜索词汇达4万余条。經過對多種文字素材的大範圍海量測試，整句輸入平均準確率高達70％左右，成為拼音輸入法領域的領跑者；程序自動更新的實現，為工作忙碌的您提供便捷的軟件下載途徑，只需一個點擊，新版程序自動完成升級；同時V6.1繼續對詞庫進行了完善，精心校對現有詞條，大量收納互聯網上流行詞彙、熱門搜索詞彙達4萬餘條。
新年新气象，在此，输入法开发团队恭祝各位新春快乐，阖家幸福，万事如意！新年新氣象，在此，輸入法開發團隊恭祝各位新春快樂，闔家幸福，萬事如意！愿全新输入法V6.1连贯流畅的准确输入、随心所欲的人性化设计能使您的工作更加顺心如意！願全新輸入法V6.1連貫流暢的準確輸入、隨心所欲的人性化設計能使您的工作更加順心如意！
紫光拼音輸入法6.1.0.6240
“紫光華宇拼音輸入法”原名“紫光拼音輸入法”，是一個完全面向用戶的，基於漢語拼音的中文字、詞及短語輸入法，力求以自然的方式快速流暢地輸入漢字，從而使漢字輸入不再繁瑣。

V6.1在保持了V6的优势功能基础之上，通过构建特有的统计语言算法，使整句输入准确率取得空前跃进。 V6.1在保持了V6的優勢功能基礎之上，通過構建特有的統計語言算法，使整句輸入準確率取得空前躍進。经过对多种文字素材的大范围海量测试，整句输入平均准确率高达70％左右，成为拼音输入法领域的领跑者；程序自动更新的实现，为工作忙碌的您提供便捷的软件下载途径，只需一个点击，新版程序自动完成升级；同时V6.1继续对词库进行了完善，精心校对现有词条，大量收纳互联网上流行词汇、热门搜索词汇达4万余条。經過對多種文字素材的大範圍海量測試，整句輸入平均準確率高達70％左右，成為拼音輸入法領域的領跑者；程序自動更新的實現，為工作忙碌的您提供便捷的軟件下載途徑，只需一個點擊，新版程序自動完成升級；同時V6.1繼續對詞庫進行了完善，精心校對現有詞條，大量收納互聯網上流行詞彙、熱門搜索詞彙達4萬餘條。

紫光华宇拼音输入法v6.1.0.6240最新更新：紫光華宇拼音輸入法v6.1.0.6240最新更新：
1.解决rundll32导致输入法异常的问题 1.解決rundll32導致輸入法異常的問題
2.程序增加数字签名 2.程序增加數字簽名
3.合并N模式和i/I模式，并对i/I模式功能增强 3.合併N模式和i/I模式，並對i/I模式功能增強
4.其他部分细节修改 4.其他部分細節修改
智能ABC輸入法5.23智能ABC輸入法（又稱標準輸入法）是中文Windows3.2和Windows95/98中自帶的一種漢字輸入方法，由北京大學的朱守濤先生髮明。它简单易学、快速灵活，受到用户的青睐。它簡單易學、快速靈活，受到用戶的青睞。但是在日常使用中，许多用户并没有真正掌握这种输入法，而仅仅是将其作为拼音输入法的翻版来使用，使其强大的功能与便利远未能得到充分的发挥。但是在日常使用中，許多用戶並沒有真正掌握這種輸入法，而僅僅是將其作為拼音輸入法的翻版來使用，使其強大的功能與便利遠未能得到充分的發揮。智能ABC是国家信息标准化委员会推荐的汉字输入方法，该输入法遵循国家语言文字的规范，按标准的汉语拼音、汉字笔画书写顺序并充分利用计算机的功能来处理汉字。智能ABC是國家信息標準化委員會推薦的漢字輸入方法，該輸入法遵循國家語言文字的規範，按標準的漢語拼音、漢字筆劃書寫順序並充分利用計算機的功能來處理漢字。智能ABC最新版支持国标大字符集,新增大量词汇输入速度更快。智能ABC最新版支持國標大字符集,新增大量詞彙輸入速度更快
問：我使用的是Windows XP操作系統，通常我只用系統自帶的全拼輸入法和智能ABC輸入法輸入漢字。请问，在遇到不会发音的汉字时，除了查字典外，用什么方法能输入这个汉字？請問，在遇到不會發音的漢字時，除了查字典外，用什麼方法能輸入這個漢字？千万不要告诉我去学五笔哦，我可不想去记那么多字根。千萬不要告訴我去學五筆哦，我可不想去記那麼多字根。

智能ABC輸入法5.22版智能abc5.22版軟件不但具有智能abc5.22版以前版本的全部功能，如多種漢字輸入方法：全拼、簡拼、混拼、音形混拼、純筆形和雙拼；多層次的記憶功能：自動記憶、強制記憶、矇矓回憶等還新增加了很多功能。新增加的功能如下：新增加的功能如下：
一、支持GBK大字符集。一、支持GBK大字符集。
二、增加一万多词条,使输入更为流畅。二、增加一萬多詞條,使輸入更為流暢。
三、纯笔形输入时增加了注音。三、純筆形輸入時增加了注音。
四、新增了"增加辅字功能"四、新增了"增加輔字功能"
五、新增了用户词库的备份功能。五、新增了用戶詞庫的備份功能。
六、为了降低重码，拼音(包括全拼、简拼)后面可以附加多达6个笔形描述码。六、為了降低重碼，拼音(包括全拼、簡拼)後面可以附加多達6個筆形描述碼。
七、修复了以前版本中的某些BUG，如Win xp,me中自动记忆功能失调的问题。七、修復了以前版本中的某些BUG，如Win xp,me中自動記憶功能失調的問題。

永恆的經典智能ABC輸入法技巧大集合

加入时间 ：2007-5-21 中国下载吧 加入時間 ：2007-5-21 中國下載吧

相信很多网民都是智能ABC的忠实粉丝，因此我再为大家介绍一些关于它的实用输入技巧，让你大大提高输入速度。相信很多網民都是智能ABC的忠實粉絲，因此我再為大家介紹一些關於它的實用輸入技巧，讓你大大提高輸入速度。

1.直接输入英文如果在智能输入法中输入英文，只要在输入的英文字母前先输入“v”即可，如输入“teacher”，只需键入“vteacher”即可。 1.直接輸入英文如果在智能輸入法中輸入英文，只要在輸入的英文字母前先輸入“v”即可，如輸入“teacher”，只需鍵入“vteacher”即可。

2.输入大写数字 2.輸入大寫數字

要在智能ABC中输入大写的数字，如“一”、“二”、“三”或“壹”、“贰”、“叁”，需要使用的快捷键就是“i”和“I”键。要在智能ABC中輸入大寫的數字，如“一”、“二”、“三”或“壹”、“貳”、“叁”，需要使用的快捷鍵就是“i”和“I”鍵。比如要输入“三”，只要键入“i3”，要输入“贰”，只要键入“I2”(按住“Shift＋i”，即可输入“I”)即可。比如要輸入“三”，只要鍵入“i3”，要輸入“貳”，只要鍵入“I2”(按住“Shift＋i”，即可輸入“I”)即可。

3.输入中文日期 3.輸入中文日期

在智能ABC中快速输入年月日的方法与其他输入法相似，使用“n”、“y”、“r”来分割“年”、“月”、“日”，只是要输入前，还要加上“i”，如要输入“二○○七年一月十五日”，只需键入“i2007n1y15r”即可。在智能ABC中快速輸入年月日的方法與其他輸入法相似，使用“n”、“y”、“r”來分割“年”、“月”、“日”，只是要輸入前，還要加上“i”，如要輸入“二○○七年一月十五日”，只需鍵入“i2007n1y15r”即可。大小写的“i”，会有不同收获。大小寫的“i”，會有不同收穫。

4.快速输入单位 4.快速輸入單位

智能ABC还提供了单位的快速输入，所用热键同样是“i”，采用“i+单位缩写”，比如要输入“厘米”，则只要键入“icm”即可。智能ABC還提供了單位的快速輸入，所用熱鍵同樣是“i”，採用“i+單位縮寫”，比如要輸入“厘米”，則只要鍵入“icm”即可。输入“万”、“千”、“百”、“十”等的方法是在其声母前加“i”，如输入“千”，只需键入“iq”就可以。輸入“萬”、“千”、“百”、“十”等的方法是在其聲母前加“i”，如輸入“千”，只需鍵入“iq”就可以。

5.其他字符的快速输入 5.其他字符的快速輸入

利用“v”键+数字键，再结合“上翻”、“下翻”可以出现一些特殊的符号。利用“v”鍵+數字鍵，再結合“上翻”、“下翻”可以出現一些特殊的符號。如键入“v1”就能出现104个特殊符号，你还可以试着体会“v2”到“v9”会有更多意外符号。如鍵入“v1”就能出現104個特殊符號，你還可以試著體會“v2”到“v9”會有更多意外符號。

笔形输入筆形輸入

智能ABC 不是一种纯粹的拼音输入法，而是一种音形结合输入法。智能ABC不是一種純粹的拼音輸入法，而是一種音形結合輸入法。因此在输入拼音的基础上如果再加上该字第一笔形状编码的笔形码，就可以快速检索到这个字。因此在輸入拼音的基礎上如果再加上該字第一筆形狀編碼的筆形碼，就可以快速檢索到這個字。笔形码所代替的笔形为：1 横2 竖3 撇5 左弯钩6 右弯钩7 十字交叉8 方框。筆形碼所代替的筆形為：1橫2豎3撇5左彎鉤6右彎鉤7十字交叉8方框。例如输入“吴”字，输入：wu8 即可减少检索时翻页的次数，检索范围大大缩小。例如輸入“吳”字，輸入：wu8即可減少檢索時翻頁的次數，檢索範圍大大縮小。

强制记忆功強制記憶功

强制记忆功能是指将需要经常使用的字符串强制添加到用户词库中，如果仅仅把它当作是造词功能的一种扩展，就太小瞧它了。強制記憶功能是指將需要經常使用的字符串強制添加到用戶詞庫中，如果僅僅把它當作是造詞功能的一種擴展，就太小瞧它了。以向词库中强制添加“罗纳尔多”这个词语为例，在智能ABC 的输入条上右击，在展开的右键菜单中选择“定义新词”，这时将打开“ 定义新词”对话框，在“新词”栏中输入“罗纳尔多”，接着在“外码”栏中输入罗纳尔多的英文“ronaldo”(这里我们使用易记的英文名字作为编码)。以向詞庫中強制添加“羅納爾多”這個詞語為例，在智能ABC的輸入條上右擊，在展開的右鍵菜單中選擇“定義新詞”，這時將打開“定義新詞”對話框，在“新詞”欄中輸入“羅納爾多”，接著在“外碼”欄中輸入羅納爾多的英文“ronaldo”(這裡我們使用易記的英文名字作為編碼)。

以后可以用以下方法输入：在输入条中输入“uronaldo”(前面加了一个u) ，这时词条“罗纳尔多”就会出现在输入条中，再按空格键即可使之上屏。以後可以用以下方法輸入：在輸入條中輸入“uronaldo”(前面加了一個u) ，這時詞條“羅納爾多”就會出現在輸入條中，再按空格鍵即可使之上屏。知道了吧，只要多输一个u 就行了。知道了吧，只要多輸一個u就行了。

以词定字以詞定字

以词定字就是以词语的方式输入单字，比如要输入一个字“杰”，这个字位置比较靠后，如果是每次都要翻页再去选择未免会很麻烦，可以使用以词定字的功能简化输入过程，这时首先输入：jiechu，接着再拍空格键，会出现词语“杰出”，这时按“[ ”键将输入“杰”字，按“] ”键则后一个字“出”上屏。以詞定字就是以詞語的方式輸入單字，比如要輸入一個字“傑”，這個字位置比較靠後，如果是每次都要翻頁再去選擇未免會很麻煩，可以使用以詞定字的功能簡化輸入過程，這時首先輸入：jiechu，接著再拍空格鍵，會出現詞語“傑出”，這時按“[ ”鍵將輸入“傑”字，按“] ”鍵則後一個字“出”上屏。

朦胧回忆智能ABC 在输入的过程当中会自动记忆用户输入的历史情况，对于刚刚用过不久的词语，使用最简单的方法依据不完整的信息进行回忆，从而方便地输入用过的词语。朦朧回憶智能ABC在輸入的過程當中會自動記憶用戶輸入的歷史情況，對於剛剛用過不久的詞語，使用最簡單的方法依據不完整的信息進行回憶，從而方便地輸入用過的詞語。若要重复刚刚输入过的词条，可以连续按两次组合键Ctrl ＋－，比如刚刚输入了“天堂”这个词，紧接着再按两下Ctrl ＋－，词语“天堂”就又被输入，回忆在输入内容比较单一、输入内容频繁重复的情况下使用起来非常有效。若要重複剛剛輸入過的詞條，可以連續按兩次組合鍵Ctrl ＋－，比如剛剛輸入了“天堂”這個詞，緊接著再按兩下Ctrl ＋－，詞語“天堂”就又被輸入，回憶在輸入內容比較單一、輸入內容頻繁重複的情況下使用起來非常有效。

智能ABC輸入法伴侶200710智能ABC輸入法用戶的福音,選擇漢字超級方便,可以實現盲打輸入,[Shift]切換中英文通常情況下，輸入拼音時如果出現錯誤按[;]進入專用鍵盤，按[H]可以向後刪除，按[N]可以返回,按<空格>鍵開始選擇漢字的時候，自動進入特別的快速選擇鍵盤按[A]鍵=按[1]鍵[S]=[2] [D]= [3] [F]=[4] [G]=[5]...
[J]=[下页] [U]=[上页] [H]=[回格](向后删除) [J]=[下頁] [U]=[上頁] [H]=[回格](向後刪除)
您就可以保持指法不变,实现最快速的盲打输入了！您就可以保持指法不變,實現最快速的盲打輸入了！赠送鼠标伴侣,让您的鼠标功能无比强大;赠送轻松浏览器，让您网上网下轻松浏览;赠送的加密/解密工具为您轻松整理保存个人资料... ...贈送鼠標伴侶,讓您的鼠標功能無比強大;贈送輕鬆瀏覽器，讓您網上網下輕鬆瀏覽;贈送的加密/解密工具為您輕鬆整理保存個人資料... ...

搜狗拼音输入法

搜狗拼音输入法
搜狗拼音输入法是一个拥有精美theme的拼音输入法，现在拥有搜狗拼音输入法3.5奥运版。
其特点如下：

奥运皮肤：包括了精美的十几款福娃、鸟巢等奥运主题皮肤。
奥运词汇：包括了几乎所有的各国代表团、体育明星、奥运名词等专属词汇。
奥运赛况：独家直连奥运官方数据库，第一时间获知中国队战绩。

超强互联网词库，无所不包利用搜索引擎技术，根据搜索词生成的输入法互联网词库，能够覆盖所有类别的流行词汇。无论是最新的歌手、电视剧、电影名、游戏名，还是球星、软件名、动漫、歌曲、电视节目，全部一网打尽。
先进的智能组词算法，首选词准确率第一最新的智能组词算法应用了领先的搜索引擎技术，分析搜索引擎语料库的语言模型，使搜狗输入法的首选词准确率在所有输入法中居第一。
功能强大，兼容多种输入习惯提供全面的按键设置和外观选择，尽可能适应各种常见输入法的输入习惯，使智能ABC、微软拼音、拼音加加、紫光拼音等输入法的用户都可以轻松上手。
易用性佳，高级功能丰富通过对输入细节的观察，我们特别设计了许多体贴的功能，ign→ing拼音纠错、网址输入模式、词语联想、自动在线升级词库等为你创造更为流畅的输入体验！

搜狗拼音輸入法

文件版本：V3.50.1089 綠色版
適用平臺：Win9x/Me/NT/2000/XP
整理日期：2008-07-31 09:28
文件大小：14.6MB
下載次數：

立即下載

function click_do(){ return true; }

private notebook - Recently Updated Pages

crop

Software Listing: Crop Border

Example of usage

Related topic:

No Comments

Scott Kelby

Cropping Photos

Discussions

From PlugInFinder

The Stats

Description

Features

Question:

Question:

Answer:

gears

crop1

Crop tab

Crop | Crop size

Crop | X/Y size

Crop | Auto offset

Crop | X/Y offset

Crop | Multi crop

Crop | Multi type

Crop | X/Y images

Crop | X/Y spacing

Crop | X/Y padding

Crop | X/Y linked

Crop | Show multi outline

Crop | Auto rotate

Crop | Crop orientation

Crop | Lock aspect ratio

Crop | Aspect ratio

Crop | Border (%)

Crop | Buffer (%)

Crop | Preview area

Crop | Preview X/Y offset/size

Crop | Focus X/Y offset

4.4. Crop

Learn Photoshop with Photoshop Tutorials at Photoshop Essentials.com

Step 1: Select The Crop Tool

Step 2: Enter The Exact Print Dimensions You Need In The Options Bar

Step 3: Drag Out A Cropping Border

Step 4: Press Enter / Return To Crop The Image

About

Why

Features

Documentation

Requirements

Examples/Usage

Upcoming Features

Contact

Overview

Stills for Video

Photo Printing

Batch Processing

Levels Adjustment

Free Download

Installation

Description

Features

Requirements

How To

Initialization

Arguments

Options

Implementation

Known Issues

Download

Change Log

crop-1

not.explored.yet

Problem

News served Deliciously

Share news via Snap News

yogurt2

REVIEW ARTICLE

Yogurt and gut function1,2

yogurt